• Macromolecular Research
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.343-347
• /
• 2007

Novel composite membranes, which delivered high separation performance for propylene/propane mixtures, were developed by coating inert poly(ethylene-co-propylene) rubber (EPR) onto a porous polyester substrate, followed by the physical distribution of $AgBF_4$. Scanning electron microscopy-wavelength dispersive spectrometer (SEM-WDS) revealed that silver salts were uniformly distributed in the EPR layer. The physical dispersion of the silver salts in the inert polymer matrix, without specific interaction, was characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The high separation performance was presumed to stem from the in-situ dissolution of crystalline silver ionic aggregates into free silver ions, which acted as an active propylene carrier within a propylene environment, leading to facilitated propylene transport through the membranes. The membranes were functional at all silver loading levels, exhibiting an unusually low threshold carrier concentration (less than 0.06 of silver weight fraction). The separation properties of these membranes, i.e. the mixed gas selectivity of propylene/propane ${\sim}55$ and mixed gas permeance ${\sim}7$ GPU, were stable for several days.

• Journal of KSNVE
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.949-956
• /
• 1998

Complex and large lattice type structures are frequently used in design of bridge, tower, crane and aerospace structures. In general, in order to analyze these structures we have used the finite element method(FEM). This method is the most widely used and powerful method for structural analysis lately. However, it is necessary to use a large amount of computer memory and computational time because the FEM requires many degrees of freedom for solving dynamic problems exactly for these complex and large structures. For analyzing these structures on a personal computer, the authors developed the transfer stiffness coefficient method(TSCM). This method is based on the concept of the transfer of the nodal dynamic stiffness coefficient matrix which is related to force and displacement vector at each node. And we suggested TSCM for free vibration analysis of complex and large lattice type structures in the previous report. In this paper, we formulate forced vibration analysis algorithm for complex and large lattice type structures using extened TSCM. And we confirmed the validity of TSCM through computational results by the FEM and TSCM, and experimental results for lattice type structures with harmonic excitation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 1996

Red Ginseng extracts sol'n was sterilized at 85f for 20 mins and/or stored at 4$0^{\circ}C$ for 6 months and centrifuged for 20 mins at 8,500xg in order to investigate the changes in chemical components of supernatants and the properties of precipitates. Contents of crude saponin and ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, -$Rg_1$, -Re were partially decreased during heating and storage. Starch contents were decreased from 26.81% in red ginseng extracts to 17.50-8.81% in supernatants, whereas free sugar contents were increased from 15.50% to 20.29~21.35% by heating and storage. The contents of protein and minerals in supernatants were decreased, but acidic polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds were not changed. pH values of supernatants and precipitates were decreased. The absorbances of brown color precursor and brown pigment in precipitates, detected at 285 nm and 440 nm were remarkably increased. The Overa11 data suggest that precipitates in red ginseng extracts sol'n formed during steilization and storage are provably the brown pigments resulting from Maillard reaction of amino compounds with reducing sugar which could be released from starch and protein matrix and $Cu^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ions are implicated with the reaction incorporated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.258-270
• /
• 2020

A new task of using the Jacobian-Free-Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method for the PWR core transient simulations involving neutronics, thermal hydraulics and mechanics is conducted. For the transient scenario of PWR, normally the Picard iteration of the coupled coarse-mesh nodal equations and parallel channel TH equations is performed to get the transient solution. In order to solve the coupled equations faster and more stable, the Newton Krylov (NK) method based on the explicit matrix was studied. However, the NK method is hard to be extended to the cases with more physics phenomenon coupled, thus the JFNK based iteration scheme is developed for the nodal method and parallel-channel TH method. The local gap conductance is sensitive to the gap width and will influence the temperature distribution in the fuel rod significantly. To further consider the local gap conductance during the transient scenario, a 1D mechanics model is coupled into the JFNK scheme to account for the fuel thermal expansion effect. To improve the efficiency, the physics-based precondition and scaling technique are developed for the JFNK iteration. Numerical tests show good convergence behavior of the iterations and demonstrate the influence of the fuel thermal expansion effect during the rod ejection problems.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.262-262
• /
• 1990

In order to check the effect of dislocation behavior on creep rate in 12% Chromium steel, 14 samples of different compositions were examined by creep rupture test, and subgrain sizes, distribution of dislocations and precipitates were checked. And, authors reviewed the behaviors of dislocations, the formation and growth of subgrains and precipitates during creep. The results are as the following: 1) Creep rates calculated by .epsilon. over dot = .rho.bv show 10-15% higher values than actual data measured. However, authors conclude that the density and velocity of dislocations together with subgrain size are important factors governing deformation during creep in 12% chromium steel. 2) The values of the strength of obstacles in the mobility of dislocations are more clearly depended on the effective stress in the range of $10{\pm}5kgf/mm^{2}$ and increase with the increase of temperature. 3) Creep rates decrease with the smaller sizes of subgrains formed and can result in the longer creep rupture lives(hours). The smaller subgrains can be made by forming shorter free gliding distances of dislocations with very fine precipitates formed in the matrix during creep by applying proper alloy design. 4) Dislocation mobility gets hindered by precipitates occurring, which are coarsened by the softening process governed by diffusion during long time creep.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.112-120
• /
• 1990

In order to check the effect of dislocation behavior on creep rate in 12% Chromium steel, 14 samples of different compositions were examined by creep rupture test, and subgrain sizes, distribution of dislocations and precipitates were checked. And, authors reviewed the behaviors of dislocations, the formation and growth of subgrains and precipitates during creep. The results are as the following: 1) Creep rates calculated by .epsilon. over dot = .rho.bv show 10-15% higher values than actual data measured. However, authors conclude that the density and velocity of dislocations together with subgrain size are important factors governing deformation during creep in 12% chromium steel. 2) The values of the strength of obstacles in the mobility of dislocations are more clearly depended on the effective stress in the range of $10{\pm}5kgf/mm^{2}$ and increase with the increase of temperature. 3) Creep rates decrease with the smaller sizes of subgrains formed and can result in the longer creep rupture lives(hours). The smaller subgrains can be made by forming shorter free gliding distances of dislocations with very fine precipitates formed in the matrix during creep by applying proper alloy design. 4) Dislocation mobility gets hindered by precipitates occurring, which are coarsened by the softening process governed by diffusion during long time creep.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2017

A $C^0$ FE model developed based on an efficient higher order zigzag theory is used for hygrothermal analysis of laminated composite plates. The $C^0$ FE model satisfies the inter-laminar shear stress continuity at the interfaces and zero transverse shear stress conditions at plate top and bottom. In this model the first derivatives of transverse displacement have been treated as independent variables to circumvent the problem of $C^1$ continuity associated with the above plate theory. In the present theory the above mentioned $C^0$ continuity of the present element is compensated in the stiffness matrix formulation by using penalty parameter approach. In order to avoid stress oscillations observed in the displacement based finite element, the stress field derived from temperature/moisture fields (initial strains) must be consistent with total strain field. Special steps are introduced by field consistent approach (e.g., sampling at gauss points) to compensate this problem. A nine noded $C^0$ continuous isoparametric element is used in the proposed FE model. Comparison of present numerical results with other existing solutions shows that the proposed FE model is efficient, accurate and free of locking.

• Water for future
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.251-263
• /
• 1990

For surcharge flow in a sewer, the slot technique simulates surcharge flow as open - channel flow using a hypothetical narrow open piezometric slot at the sewer crown. The flow in a sewer is described mathematically using the unsteady open - channel Saint-Venant equations. In this study, the computer simulation model(USS-slot) using slot techniques is develeped to simulate the inlet hydrographs to manholes and the flow under pressure as well as free - surface flow in tree - type sewer networks of circular conduits. The inlet hydrographs are simulated by using the rational method or the ILSD progrm. The Saint-Venant equations for unsteady open - channel flow in seweres are solved by using a four - point implicit difference scheme. The flow equations of the sewers and the junction flow equations are solved simulaneously using a sparse matrix solution technique.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.126-134
• /
• 2016

To examine the possibility of using Musa sapientum L. (Banana) leaf extract as a cosmetic raw material, banana leaves grown in Jeju Island were extracted with 70% ethanol. Polysaccharides present in banana leaf extract were discarded by precipitation with cold ethanol. Polysaccharide-discarded banana leaf extract promoted procollagen and COL1A1 gene expression, but inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 gene expression in human skin fibroblasts when examined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The active compound in banana leaves was identified by fractionation with various solvents. The chloroform fraction showed the highest anti-wrinkle efficacy and the active compound of chloroform fraction was identified as corosolic acid by NMR, FT-IR, EA, and HPLC-MS. In addition, banana leaf extract showed anti-oxidative efficacy with an IC50 value of 67.91 ppm, as determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Finally, the anti-wrinkle efficacy of banana leaf extract-containing cream was confirmed by clinical tests. Based on these results, banana leaves could have an application as a cosmetic raw material with anti-wrinkle efficacy.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.149-149
• /
• 2009

Generally, Nafion ionomer is used in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrodes to achieve high power density. At the high temperature operation of PEFC, however, ionic conductivity of Nafion remarkably decreased due to the evaporation of water in Nafion polymer. Recently, many researchers have focused on using the Ionic Liquids(ILs) instead of water in Nafion polymer. ILs have intrinsic properties such as good electrochemical stability, high ionic conductivity, and non-flammability. Especially, ILs play a crucial role in proton conduction by the Grottuss mechanism and act as water in water-free Nafion polymer. However, it was found that the ILs was leached out of the polymer matrix easily. In this study, we prepared membrane electrode assemblies with various contents of ILs. The effect of ILs in the electrode of each designed was investigated by a cyclic voltammetry measurement and the cell performance obtained through a single cell test using H2/Air gases. Electrodes with different contents of ILs in catalyst layer were examined at high temperature and low humidified condition.