• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

We investigated mating conditions of photoperiod, illumination and temperature during mating periods, care temperature of queen before mating, mating period and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of Bombus ignitus. Among photoperiodic regimes of 12L, 14L and 16L during mating periods, queen mated at 14L showed better results than at 12L and 16L in egg-laying characteristics and colony development. In case of illumination during mating periods, intensity of 1000 lux was more effective than at intensity of 100 lux and 2000 lux in mating B. ignitus queen. Mating temperature and care temperature of queen before mating favorable for B. ignitus queen were $22-25^{\circ}C$ and $19^{\circ}C$, respectively. The period need to mating B. ignitus queen was 3 days, and the number of queen suitable per mating cage of $55{\times}45{\time}65\;cm$ was 30.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2018

화분매개곤충인 호박벌(B. ignitus)의 교미율을 높이기 위하여 생식기관 발육과 교미에 의한 성적 성숙시기를 조사하였다. 난소 소관 당 알수와 수정낭 크기 등 난소 발육으로 볼 때, 여왕벌의 성적 성숙시기는 우화 10일 이내이었다. 수벌의 정자수는 우화당일에 24.6만개이었고, 우화 9일째가 48.0만개 정도로 가장 많았으며, 우화 35일(8.7만개) 이후 정자수가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 교미횟수가 증가함에 따라 정자수가 줄어드는 것을 알 수 있었다. 수벌의 정자수에 의한 성적 성숙시기는 우화 3~15일이었다. 교미에 의한 성적 성숙시기 조사결과, 여왕벌은 우화직후에는 전혀 교미를 하지 않았으며, 우화 20일 이후에는 교미율이 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 교미율과 산란율 등으로 볼 때 여왕벌의 교미에 적합한 시기는 우화 9~20일이었다. 반면에 수벌은 우화 직후에도 3.3% 교미하였으며, 우화 6일째가 43.3%로 가장 높았으며, 우화 25일 이후부터는 감소하는 경향이었다. 교미율과 산란율 등으로 볼 때, 수벌의 교미 성숙시기는 우화 6~20일이었다. 이상의 생식기관 발육과 교미에 의한 봉세발달 등으로 볼 때 호박벌 여왕벌의 최적 성적 성숙시기는 우화 9~12일, 수벌은 우화 6~9일로 판단된다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.181-187
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• 1997

This study has been conducted to investigate the mating behavior, time sequence of mating and time limit with which female can fulfill spawning and brooding after pre-spawning molting in the giant fresh-water prawn, macrobrachium rosenbergii reared in the laboratory. the results obtained were summarized as follows. Mating happened spontaneously as the following sequences: courting gesture, seizure of female by male, mounting, turning of female, copulation. The entire mating lated approximately seven minutes. The endopodite of 2nd pleopod of male bore the appendix masculins whcih are male's secondary sex characteristic. cinciulli was formed at the distal portion of appendix interna which are on the upper portion of appendix masculins and helped stabilizing the connection of each side of 2nd pleopod during mating. After the connection of each side of 2nd plepod was fixed on the posterior portion of the thoracic sternum in female, a gelatinous spermatophore that emitted at the basipodite of 5th pereiopod during courting gesture was deposited on the ventral groove of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th pereiopod. time limit which female can fulfill copulation and brooding was from 3 hours to 15 hours after pre-spawning molting.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Mating is an essential behavioural social event in the life cycle of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) for the perpetuation of population. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors and events of significant importance are involved in successful mating and egg deposition by an adult silk moth which besides biochemical, physiological and environmental factors also includes attraction of reproductively competent male and female moth for mating, duration and frequency of mating, age of moth at the time of mating, reuse of male moth in the production of eggs etc. An attempt has been made in this review article to elucidate briefly the behaviour of male towards female moth after eclosion, impact of duration and frequency of mating on egg deposition and oviposition, reuse of mated male moth in the production of quality and quantity eggs etc. in the silk-worm, B. mori and its significance in silkworm seed production.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.15-20
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• 1969

흰불나방을 재료로 곤충의 교미습성중 우화시간, 교미시간, 1회교미에 소요되는 시간 및 나방의 우화후일령이 교미율에 미치는 영향등을 밝히기 위하여 실내시험한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1 흰불나방은 오후 3시부터 우화가 시작되어 오후 12시경에 끝나며 우화최성시각은 오후 7-8시 사이었다. 이때 암컷은 $42.1\%$ 숫컷은 $41.5\%$ 우화하였다. 2) 흰불나방은 오전 5-6시 사이에 교미하여 그 외 다른 시간에는 교미하지 않는다. 1회 교미시간은 최단이 7시간, 최장이 17시간이며 그 평균은 12시간이었다. 3) 흰불나방은 2회까지 교미할 수 있으며 1회 교미하는 것이 대부분이다. 실내시험결과 암컷은 1회 교미가$66.0\%$, 2회 교미가 $4.1\%$, 미교미가 $29.9\$, 이었으며 숫컷은 1회 교미가 $66.0\%$, 2회 교미가 $5.4\%$, 미교미가 $28.6\%$이었다. 야외에서 채집된 암컷의 교미는 1회가 $6.1\%$, 2회가 $15.1\%$, 미교미가$22.4\%$로서 야외의 것이 실내의 것에 비하여 2회교미하는 율이 높았다. 4) 흰불나방은 우화후 4일까지 교미한다. 우화된지 6-15시간후부터 교미하는데 이때에 $72\%$의 높은 교미율을 보이지만 4일에는 $9.1\%$의 낮은 교미율을 보인다. 5일 이후 교미하는 것을 관찰할 수 없었다. 자웅보다 동일 일령인 것 끼리 교미하며 일령이 다른 것과는 거의 교미하지 않는다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.35-35
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• 2015

Pleurotus eryngii has recently become a major cultivated mushroom; it uses tetrapolar heterothallism as a part of its reproductive process. Sexual development progresses only when the A and B mating types are compatible. Such mating incompatibility occasionally limits the efficiency of breeding programs in which crossing within loci-shared strains or backcrossing strategies are employed. Therefore, understanding the mating system in edible mushroom fungi will help provide a short cut in the development of new strains. We isolated and identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and performed a functional analysis of the genes in the mating process by transformation. A genomic DNA library was constructed to map the entire mating-type locus. The B3 locus was found to contain four pheromone precursor genes and four receptor genes. Remarkably, receptor PESTE3.3.1 has just 34 amino acid residues in its C-terminal cytoplasmic region; therefore, it seems likely to be a receptor-like gene. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (real-time qRT-PCR) revealed that most pheromone and receptor genes showed significantly higher expression in monokaryotic cells than dikaryotic cells. The pheromone genes PEphb3.1 and PEphb3.3 and the receptor gene PESTE3.3.1 were transformed into P5 (A3B4). The transformants were mated with a tester strain (A4B4), and the progeny showed clamp connections and a normal fruiting body, which indicates the proposed role of these genes in mating and fruiting processes. This result also confirms that PESTE3.3.1 is a receptor gene. In this study, we identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and found that some of those genes appear to play a role in the mating and fruiting processes. These results might help elucidate the mechanism of fruiting differentiation and improve breeding efficiency.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the breeding efficiency in Thoroughbred mare. A total of 106 mares were investigated for the status of follicle (462 cases), ovulation (179 cases) and pregnancy (346 cases). Of total examination, 46.8% was follicle measure to determine breeding time, and mating rate per cases examined was 39.9%. There was no correlation between reproductive results and size of follicles or endometrial edema or degrees of teasing alone. 143 cases were ovulated among 179 cases which were performed ovulation examination, and ovulation rate and fertilization rate per mating times were 79.9% and 39.0%, respectively. The use of hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin), to facilitate ovulation, presented to increase occurrence of double ovulations and twin fertilizations In conclusion, though more examination to estimate the optimal breeding time and higher mating rate was performed, fertilization rate per mating times was lower and then reproductive efficiency also became decreased. Therefore, it seemed that accurate examination of reproductive tracks, appropriate teasing programme and hCG administration before ovulation were of help to improve ovulation rate and fertilization rate.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Reproductive activity in the economically important insect, Antheraea mylitta is very important because the female reproduces only once in her life time and the aging is very rapid and costly. It is a capital breeder and strictly a monoandrous species. To know how strategically the insect behaves and the male allocates its ejaculate resource more prudently during its successive mating with virgin females to maximize its own fitness and the fitness of the female with whom it mated, both being most important to sericulture industry. So, the present study was undertaken and the results revealed fresh and virgin females always prefer to mate with fresh virgin males (84%) and receives high dose of ejaculates leading to higher hatchability than to virgin males of one day old (13.7%) and one day old males with mating experience (2.3%). The ejaculation size (as referred to eupyrene sperm count in the ejaculation) declined significantly over successive mating (r = -0.9931, P < 0.001), so also the male body weight (r = -0.9560, P < 0.001). The quantity of ejaculate passed to female also dramatically declined during aging (r = -0.9982, P < 0.001). It was found that male weight contribute substantially to the quantum of ejaculate (r = -0.9519, P < 0.001), so also higher fecund females receive relatively more ejaculate than the lower group to reach higher reproductive fitness. The life time fecundity was found to be $334{\pm}31$.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 1998

To investigate the estrual changes of ovaries, appropriate time of mating, diagnosis of early pregnancy after mating, and diagnosis of twin fetuses, ultrasonography was performed in 61 thorough-bred mares (5-12 years old) which had been raised in Chrju island. The followings are the results obtained: 1. The average size of a follicle of mares was $3.2{\times} 3.8cm$ at the beginning of estrus and $4.2{\times} 3.5 cm$ from the middle of estrus to ovulations respectively, and the average size of a follicle and a corpus luteum was $1.8{\times} 1.4 cm and 3.1{\times}2.3 cm$ in the middle of diestrus, respectively. 2. In the result of pregnancy according to mating time after ultrasonographic examination of follicle size, the mares having a follicle of 4.6-5.0 cm (diameter) were mated on the day of ultrasonographic examination or the next day rind all were conceived (3 mares) and another mares having a follicle of 4.1- 4.5cm (diameter) on the 1st or 2nd day after examination and all were conceived (4 mares). 3. By ultrasonographyi early pregnancy in the mares was diagnosed from 12 days of pregnancy and the equine fetus was directly detectable from 23 days of pregnancy, whereas the heartbeat of a fetus was detectable from 28 days of pregnancy. 4. Diagnosis of earl pregnancy of twin was possible from 16 days of pregnancy. These result indicated that ultrasonography is applicable in mares to diagnose the estrual changes of ovaries and the time of ovulation or mating, and to diagnose early pregnancy from 12 days of pregnancy and early pregnancy of twin fetuses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.463-469
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• 2005

An attempt was made to analyze the factors affecting mating performance of rams in pen mating systems. Due to many types of social interactions, mating performance of rams may decrease or increase. Six intact Muzaffarnagari rams were used and divided into three dominant subordinate pairs by food and ewe competition test. For dominant rams subordinate ram became competitor and vice versa. In the first experiment, ram was exposed to ewe but the competitor ram was kept outside the pen with the facility of visibility only. In the second experiment each ram was exposed to ewe along with the competitor ram and in third experiment ram was exposed to ewes (two) along with competitor ram in observation pen. Recordings of different mating and agonistic behaviour were done in all the experiments. It was found that subordinate ram's mating behaviour was inhibited by mere presence of a dominant ram out side without physical contact. However, when ram exposed to oestrus ewe(s) along with competitor ram, both dominant and subordinate rams spent much of their time in guarding activities instead of mating. In addition dominant ram tried to curtail the subordinate ram mating by agonistic interaction like fight and butting. Different guarding activities were observed either as active or passive type depending on level of dominanace. It was concluded that in a limited space the interaction of two or more rams might affect the number of services adversely.