• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.59-75
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the changes in the body perception of young children using a short-term longitudinal design, then to investigate the factors related to their body perception. Methods: Participants were 65 preschool children and their mothers that were recruited from five institutions. An 11-month, two-time point longitudinal design was used in which children were interviewed individually to examine the changes in body perception. At the second time point, children were assessed with an additional measure to investigate self-esteem, and their mothers also reported on maternal factors and children's media experience through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, independent t-test, correlations and ANOVA. Results: The results showed a significant decline of children's negative body perception over time. Children's media experience was positively correlated with negative body perception. Mothers whose children showed higher body mass index (BMI) sent more verbal messages about their child's weight reduction. In addition, children's negative body perception was positively correlated with physical self-esteem. Finally, there was a significant difference in only the physical self-esteem according to the level of children's body perception. Conclusion/Implications: The findings would suggest theoretical and practical implications to support intervention and education programs to improve the body image of young children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.940-950
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• 1999

One hundred two high-risk women(HRW) and 115 low-risk women(LRW) were studied at post-partal hospitalization and at 1, 4, and 8 months after giving birth to determine whether they would differ in the achievement of perceived maternal acquisition and whether predictors of maternal acquisition would differ for the two groups over time. The subjects were 102 HRW and 115 LRW, all in the above 27 weeks, admitted to two hospitals and to two clinic in the Kyoungnam area between July 1, 1998 and May 4, 1999. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program and the results are as follows ; 1) Predictors of Maternal role acquisition in the HRW were fetal attachment, maternal attachment, state anxiety, relationships of partner, social support in the early postpartum, maternal attachment, relationships of partner, depression, infant's health status in the postpartal 1 month, relationships of partner, self-esteem, educational degree in the postpartal 4 month, and maternal attachment, social supports in the postpartal 8 month. 2) Predictors of Maternal role acquisition in the LRW were fetal attachment, social supports, perceived experience about labor and delivery in the early postpartum, maternal attachment, sense of mastery in the postpartal 1 month, sense of mastery, experience with infants, relationships of partner in the postpartal 4 month and maternal attachment, experience with infants, social supports in the postpartal 8 month. 3) The hypothesis that HRW would score significantly lower on maternal competency than LRW was rejected. 4) The hypothesis that maternal acquisition would be significantly related to maternal attachment was accepted.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.77-92
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to employ the Latent Growth Curve Model to investigate the developmental trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and to identify predictors that might have an effect on change and the level of developmental trajectories. The results of this study indicated that the maternal depressive levels of a high risk group had increased significantly over the past 5 years. The predictors for these developmental trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms were as follows; birth order, maternal prenatal depressive levels, self-esteem, marital satisfaction, parenting stress and the level of family crisis experienced by the high risk group.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 1998

The characteristics of health behavior related pregnancy and childbirth have reflected on the cultural belief and value in the society. The efforts for women's health promotion through the current illumination of the traditional health care are the prompting assignment to be in nursing. The process of motherhood already progress before the motherhood actually. The functional state as the expectant mother can be the important predicting factor of the postpartum state, the quality of a married life. Motherhood was analyzed by Walker and Avant's method to clarify the concept 'to be a mother' using the various concepts like Koreans' Taekyo, transition to motherhood, maternal identity, maternal role attainment, maternal fetal attachment, and maternal fetal interaction. Upon the concept analysis, naturalness, responsibility, attachment, readiness, controllability were identified as the defining characteristics of motherhood. The antecedents of motherhood were consist of maternal affection, positive self esteem, pregnancy acceptance, fetus recognition and the consequences of motherhood were consist of positive maternal identity, maternal fetal attachment, confidence about the maternal role, the healthy mother and the healthy baby. The empirical referents of motherhood were consists of recognition of motherhood, expectation about motherhood, fetal recognition with ultrasonography and fetal movement, experience of unification between mother and fetus, expression of affection to the fetus, concern about fetal health, concern and practice about Taekyo, adaptation behavior about physical change and discomfort due to pregnancy. Therefore it is necessary to develop the instruction program of motherhood including the defining attributes identified in this study.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.47-52
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between children's self-esteem, peer attachment, parenting attitudes, and children's grit, and to specifically identify the influence of children's self-esteem, peer attachment, and parenting attitudes on children's grit. The characteristics of the survey subjects were identified through frequency analysis and descriptive statistics analysis of the 11th year of the Korea Children's Panel (2018) data, and Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was calculated for correlation analysis between major variables. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of children's self-esteem, peer attachment, and parenting attitudes on children's grit. The research results are as follows. First, children's self-esteem, peer attachment, and parenting attitudes were found to be positively correlated. Second, the child's self-esteem was found to have a positive influence on the child's grit, and among the peer attachment sub-variables, peer trust was found to have an influence, and among the sub-factors of parenting attitude, 'mother' affection/involvement, 'father' Democratic relationships were found to have an effect. In other words, it can be seen that children's self-esteem at the personal level, peer trust at the school level, and maternal affection and paternal relationship at the family level are useful variables that strengthen children's grit. Accordingly, in order to improve children's grit level, we must consider promotion measures through intervention and support at a multifaceted level.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.280-291
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the maternal child health services provided by public health centers in Pyungtaek city. Methods: Data were collected based on multiple sources of official records. A questionnaire survey was obtained from 50 mothers with premature babies, and 89 mothers with full- term babies, in order to compare their demographic factors, and physical, obstetrical, and emotional status. In addition, the investigators collected data on pre and post follow-up care for the remature group to evaluate the effects of home visiting services on them. Moreover, additional data were collected from 135 pregnant women and 315 mothers with infants, to assess their degree of satisfaction for prenatal education course and breast feeding practices. Results: 1) The pregnant women's satisfaction for the prenatal education course, knowledge, and practices on self care were considered to be high. 2) Of the mothers with infants, 62.9% experienced breast feeding, but only 35.9% of them did it for six months. 3) Premature birth rate in the region was 5.6%, and 75.6% of all premature babies received follow-up care. 4) The mothers with premature babies experienced premature rupture of membrane. placenta previa, preeclampsia, and cesarean section more frequently than the mothers with full-term babies. 5) At the pre-intervention data collection point. mothers with premature babies experienced significantly less social support than mothers with full-term babies. In addition, mothers with premature babies reported higher levels of stress and care-giving burdens, and lower level of self esteem, than mothers with full-term babies, although the differences were not statistically significant. 6) In the premature group, stress, care giving burdens, and postpartum depression decreased after the intervention, whereas maternal self esteem, and the husband's support were increased after the intervention. Social support from significant others were somewhat decreased. 7) Satisfaction for the home visiting service in the mothers with premature babies was very high. Conclusion: These results showed a possibility that the recently started maternal child health services provided by the public health centers may be efficient. Although statistically significant differences were not found, the investigators found a potential for changes in a positive direction. Long-term effects of the health services on maternal child health needs should be addressed in future studies.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.326-336
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• 2021

Purpose: This study explored the prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression in Korea and its influencing factors from 20 weeks of pregnancy to 12 weeks postpartum. Methods: Using a prospective cohort study design, data on women's depression and its influencing factors were collected at 20, 28, and 36 weeks of pregnancy and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postpartum. The participants were 219 women and 181 spouses during pregnancy; and 183 mothers and 130 spouses after childbirth. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and influencing factors were measured by the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised, parity, and spousal depression. Results: The prevalence of maternal depression was 10.5% to 21.5% before birth, and it was 22.4% to 32.8% postpartum. The prevalence slightly decreased during the prenatal period but peaked at 2 weeks postpartum. Antenatal depression was influenced by low socioeconomic status, lower self-esteem, having experienced prenatal depression, having experienced prenatal anxiety, a previous history of depression, lower social support, lower marital satisfaction, and higher life stress. The factors influencing postpartum depression were lower self-esteem, having experienced prenatal depression, having experienced prenatal anxiety, lower social support, lower marital satisfaction, and higher life stress, as well as infant temperament and maternal blues. Parity and spousal depression had no impacts. Conclusion: The prevalence and influencing factors of maternal depression changed over time. Nurses need to screen women accordingly during the perinatal period and should provide education or counseling to prevent depression and promote adjustment to parenthood.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1129-1142
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• 2004

Purpose: This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of asystemic follow-up care program on health promotion and risk reduction in 64 high-risk infants(HRI) including premature infants and their mothers. Method: The intervention consisted of systemic NICU education, tele-counseling and 3 home visits in 6 months. The subjects were divided into either the intervention group or the control group receiving the conventional NICU education without the tele-counseling and home visiting. Infant health promotion was measured using physical assessment, types of health problems, reflexes, OPD visiting history, DDST, immunization, feeding assessment, Infant death rate, etc. Maternal self-esteem, postpartum depression and family function were measured using the maternal self-report inventory(MRI), EPDS, and family apgar score(Fapgar), retrospectively. Result: All premature infants in the intervention group were in the normal range of growth and development, and the regular vaccination schedule. The health problems in the intervention group were addressed early so not to develop into adverse effects. The follow-up program for 6 months showed beneficial effects on MRI, EPDS, and Fapgar. Conclusion: A systemic follow-up health care program is beneficial on health promotion and risk reduction in 64 HRI including premature infants and their mothers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.914-923
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• 2007

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to identify the common, lived experiences of grandmothers who cared for their grandchildren as the primary caregivers. Methods: This study was based on the phenomenological method described by Colaizzi (1978). Results: Seven theme clusters emerged from the data as follows: "grandmother caregivers accept the parenting role of the incessant responsibilities and the distrust of non-kin caregivers.", "grandmother caregivers have a double maternal roles; an instrument-oriented maternal role to their own child and relationship-oriented maternal role to their grandchild.", "grandmother caregivers are partially authorized to make decisions in the matters of their grandchild.", "grandmother caregivers suffer a deterioration in their health by an acceleration of the aging process.", "caregiving causes grandmother caregivers to feel a sense of social isolation, and persue various coping strategies to control this feeling.", "grandmother caregivers have a greater feeling of self-esteem, but they often conflict with their adult children if they don't feel appreciated by them.", "grandmother caregivers have limited social support and their health issues are often overlooked in the family context.' Conclusion: The results of this study can guide nurses and health care workers to understand the experiences of grandmother caregivers and to implement individualized nursing interventions suited for them.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a maternal happiness scale which can be used for mothers who take care of young children, school-aged children, and adolescents. First, the maternal happiness scale was developed based on literature review and the consent of experts. Finally it was consisted of 56 items from 18 elements of happiness through checking the contents validity with professionals. Second, final respondents for the survey were 1300 mothers who had children with and without disabilities in Seoul, Busan, Gyeonggi, and Kyungnam. Third, the 8 factors including the 53 items were extracted through the mothers' appraisal of the items and the review of the adequacy for the factor analysis. The 8 factors were consisted with 'Family relations with family', 'Laid-back life and self-esteem', 'Physical and mental health', 'Independency and development', 'Spirituality', 'Interpersonal relations', 'Appearance', 'Sociocultual environment'. Fourth, the maternal happiness scale demonstrated appropriate levels of construct validity, item internal consistency, distribution of item response, and item discrimination. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the core factors of maternal happiness. In addition, the findings have implications for supporting mothers who take care of young children, school-aged children, and adolescents.