• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 2017

Objective: Delaying embryo transfer (ET) enables us to select among the embryos available for transfer and is associated with positive effects on implantation and pregnancy outcomes. However, the optimal day for ET of human cleavage-stage embryos remains controversial. Methods: A retrospective study of 3,124 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles (2,440 patients) was conducted. We compared the effects of day 2 and 3 ET on rates of implantation and pregnancy outcomes between young maternal age (YMA; < 38 years old, n = 2,295) and old maternal age (OMA; ${\geq}38years\;old$, n = 829) patient groups. Results: The YMA and OMA groups did not differ in terms of patient characteristics except for the proportion of unexplained factor infertility, which was significantly greater in the OMA group, and the proportion of arrested embryos, which was significantly greater in the YMA group. However, the biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, abortion, and implantation rates per cycle were not significantly different between day 2 and 3 ET in the YMA group or the OMA group. Conclusion: We suggest that offering patients the opportunity to decide which day would be suitable for ET could be part of a patient-friendly protocol that takes into consideration an infertile woman's circumstances and work schedule by allowing ET to be performed on day 2 instead of the traditional transfer on day 3.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.9 s.211
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• pp.109-127
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• 2005

The present study examined the relationships among maternal attachment, self-concept, peer relationship, and school adjustment. The subjects were 293 Korean-Chinese elementary school students living in Yanji and Shenyang, China. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), Social Competence Inventory(Doh & Falbo, 1999), and Self-Perception Profile for Adolesents(Harter, 1988) were used to measure the subjects' maternal attachment, and peer relationship, school adjustment, and self-concept, respectively. When structural equation modeling was applied, the results supported not only the model that maternal attachment and self-concept exert an influence on peer relationship, but also the model that they exert an influence on school adjustment. The results of this study suggest that the secure maternal attachment of Korean-Chinese works as an important mechanism that explains their peer relationship and adjustment at elementary school.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.9-21
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to observe and describe the maternal attachment behavior during the mother's first interactions with her newborn and define the factors contributing to differences in maternal attachment behavior. Observations of the mother's first interaction with her newborn can offer valuable information about the mother-infant relationship, and it provides an opportunity for planning individulized care for them. Data was collected from Sep. 1, 1950 to Oct.30, 1980 at Ewha Womans University Hospital. Maternal attachment behaviors of healthy full-term infants were observed and recorded on the .maternal attachment tool and analysed by the use of means, standard deviations and ANEVA test. The following trends of maternal behaviors were observed: 1. Identifying behaviors was the predominant mode and all of the mothers inspects baby's body features. 2. Modalities of interaction, that is, touching was initiated on the babies extremities and heads (57.3%) rather than the trunks (8.7%) and mothers touched their infants with their fingertips (58.2%) more than palm touching (14.6%) 3. Care-taking activities performed by the mother were negligible at the first interaction. 4. Parity of mother, sex of infant, age of mother, planned pregnancy, length of visits by mother to infant appeared to have significant influence on the maternal attachment behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop a scale to evaluate maternal beliefs regarding employment and to demonstrate its validity. The subjects in the study included 225 mothers in Suncheon who had children under the age of 5. Initially, the definitions of beliefs associated with employment presented in previous studies were examined, after which the existing scale, Beliefs about the Consequence Maternal Employment for Young Children (BACMEC), was modified based the advice of three experts in child study. Next, 35 mothers who had preschool children were interviewed to assess their views on the positive and negative aspects of maternal employment. After excluding overlapping contents, a scale composed of 50 questions (24questions adapted from questions on the BACMEC and 26 created based on the results of the interview) was generated. Based on the result of factor and regression analysis, 27 (15questions regarding positive aspects of employment and 12 regarding negative aspects of employment) of the 50 questions were selected for use as the new scale. Reliability analysis showed satisfactory results (Cronbach's $\alpha$ = .89-.92). In conclusion, it is hoped that the scale for maternal beliefs in employment developed in this study will be used as a useful measurement tool in future studies conducted to evaluate maternal employment.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas on mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament. Method: A non-equivalent control group post-test study design was used. The data were collected from December 1, 2001 to March 30, 2003. The participants were 39 primiparas with normal birth weight infants. They were divided into two groups, 20 mothers in the intervention group and 19 in the control group. The mothers in the intervention group were given instruction on sensory stimulation by the researcher, and the mothers, in turn, used this technique on their infants twice a day during the first 2 months of life. Both groups were measured for maternal self-esteem and infant temperament using the maternal self-report inventory (MSRI) and What My Baby Is Like (WBL) and a film was made of the feeding situation when each infant was between 8 and 10 weeks of age. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in mother-infant interaction, maternal self-concept and infant temperament. Conclusion: This suggests that sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas may improve the mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2018

Purpose: This study analyzes the effects of smoking behaviors of women of reproductive ages in terms of maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period in Korea. Methods: We used the National Health Insurance Corporation's medical panel data. Subjects included 382 individuals suffering from maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period from 2013 to 2014. A t-test was used to analyze the individual differences between maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period-A hierarchical regression analysis was performed in two steps to measure the effects of smoking behaviors on diseases. Results: The amount and duration of smoking are significant factors causing maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period. In the regression analysis, the explanatory power of model was significantly increased by adding smoking behavior to the maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period. Smoking behavior during pregnancy displayed a significant influence on diseases. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the effects of smoking behavior on maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period were significant. Therefore it is necessary to develop a smoking cessation education program for pregnant women in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.981-986
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• 2010

Genetic parameters of growth traits were estimated in the German Angora rabbit reared in the sub-temperate region of India. Estimates of (co)variance components were obtained for body weights at weaning (42 days) and post-weaning at 84, 126 and 168 days. A total of 8,324 animal records were used for the analysis of these traits. The data were analyzed by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) fitting six animal models with various combinations of direct and maternal effects. A log likelihood ratio test was used to select the most appropriate univariate model for each trait. Direct heritability estimates were observed to be moderate for the traits under study. Heritability estimates for weaning (42 d), 84, 126 and 168 d weights obtained from the best models were $0.25{\pm}0.05$, $0.17{\pm}0.05$, $0.21{\pm}0.06$ and $0.12{\pm}0.05$. Maternal effects had higher importance at weaning, and declined with the advancement of age. Significant maternal permanent environmental effect on weaning and post-weaning weights was a carryover effect of maternal influences during pre-weaning age. The estimated repeatabilities of doe effects on body weights were 0.37, 0.22, 0.18 and 0.28 at weaning, 84, 126 and 168 d body weight, respectively. Results indicated that modest rate of genetic progress is possible for body weight traits of Angora rabbit through selection. Similarly, these growth traits could be included in selection criteria along with wool traits for early selection of the animals.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.337-346
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a mobile web-based pregnancy health care educational program for mothers who were at an advanced maternal age (AMA) and to verify the effects of the program on pregnancy health care. Methods: This program was developed using a web-based teaching-learning system design model and composed of 10 subject areas. This research was a quasi-experimental study using a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest time serial design and data were collected from April 2 to May 3, 2014. To verify the effects of the program, it was used for 2 weeks with 30 AMA mothers (experimental group). For the control group, a classroom education booklet for pregnant women used with 31 AMA mothers. Results: The experimental group having participated in program had statistically significantly higher scores for knowledge (t=3.76, p <.001), self-efficacy (t=8.54, p <.001), and practice behavior (t=4.88, p <.001) of pregnancy health care, compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the program indicate that a Mobile web-based pregnancy health care educational program is effective in meeting the needs of AMA mothers and can be used as the prenatal educational program for AMA mothers and is appropriate as an educational media for theses mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.231-247
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• 1992

A Study on Maternal Verbal Control Patterns and Children's Recognition against those. The primary objective of the material presented in this dissertation is the analysis of the maternal verbal control patterns. The major focus is given to the differences between maternal verbal control patterns and children's recognition against those. The purspoe of this study were; 1) to investigate the maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children according to their family and personal surroundings; 2) to investigate the verbal control patterns in mother's response according to the differences of family and personal surroundings; 3) to find the differences between children's recognition and maternal verbal control patterns; 4) How the maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children are? The materials of this study were 81(37; boys, 44; girl)) from kindergarten in Seou. The sample of age used in this study was 5 to 7 years old. The test about maternal verbal environment used the question sheet for reaction between mother and children by Gumperz. The kids got interviews with same questions as mothers with question sheet. The statistical tools used is the analysis of the data were frequency, crosstab, and t-test. The result of the study were summarized as follows; 1) The maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children had differences according to whether living with grand-parent or not. Living with grand-parent are more person-oriented than without grand-parent group. 2) The maternal verbal control patterns of mother response show the differences within mother's academic background, present situation of child, and parent's expection to child. The imperative verbal control pattern was more frequently used of low academic background who just fraduate the middle or high school. The personal verbal control pattern was more frequently used of high educational background's like university graduate or more educated group. 3) The differences between maternal verbal control patterns with children's recognition and with mother response is that mother responseis more person-oriented than children's. 4) The imperative verbal control pattern used command, verbal purnishment, and physical purnishment. the status-oriented verbal control pattern used univesal positional appeals and limited positional appeals. The person-oriented verbal control pattern used child-oriented cognitive affective appeals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.578-585
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• 2005

Maternal zinc deficiency is relatively common worldwide, but its consequences for pregnancy outcome are not established. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of zinc status in the second trimester on pregnancy outcome. Subjects were 248 pregnant Korean women (25-28 wk gestation). Cord blood was collected from subgroup of 69 women and pregnancy outcome data were obtained from 185 babies. Anthropometry measurement, dietary intake, and biochemical characteristics of pregnancy and cord serum substances were measured. The subjects were divided into quartiles on the basis of maternal serum Zn concentration; $ZnQ_1$ (< 25 percentile), $ZnQ_2$ ($26\~50$ percentile), $ZnQ_3$ ($51\~75$ percentile), and $ZnQ_4$ ($76\~100$ percentile). Zn groups were compared in terms of various maternal factors, concentrations of cord serum substances, and pregnancy outcome. Maternal serum Zn concentration was $118.4\;{\pm}\;35.5\;{\mu}g/dl$ as mean. Intake of Zn was lower than Korean RDA. The rate of Zn deficiency among all subjects was $8.5\%$. Maternal serum Zn levels belonged to normal range. Cord serum Zn level was about $154.7\%$ of maternal serum level. Intakes of energy, calcium, iron, folic acid, and riboflavin did not meet the Korean RDA for pregnant women by gestational age. The mean birth weight of neonates is 3083 $\pm$ 697 g, of whom $9.1\%$ were of low birth weight (< 2,500 g). Maternal serum Zn level was positively correlated with pre-pregnancy weight, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and vitamin C intake (p < 0.05). $ZnQ_1$ group had significantly lower maternal serum iron concentration and higher cord serum cholesterol than those in other groups. Maternal serum Zn level, cord serum Zn level, and dietary Zn intake were no related to the pregnancy outcome. The birth weight had a correlation with the maternal hemoglobin and albumin concentration. In conclusion, at this study, we could not find the association with maternal Zn status in 2nd trimester and pregnancy outcome.