• Clean Technology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.200-216
• /
• 2023

Ginkgo leaves are considered waste biomass and can cause problems due to the strong insecticidal actions of ginkgolide A, B, C, and J and bilobalide. However, Ginkgo leaf biomass has high organic matter content that can be converted into fuels and chemicals if suitable technologies can be developed. In this study, the effect of pyrolysis temperature, minimum fluidized velocity, and Ginkgo leaf size on product yields and product properties were systematically analyzed. Fast pyrolysis was conducted in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor at 400 to 550℃ using silica sand as a bed material. The yield of pyrolysis liquids ranged from 33.66 to 40.01 wt%. The CO₂ and CO contents were relatively high compared to light hydrocarbon gases because of decarboxylation and decarbonylation during pyrolysis. The CO content increased with the pyrolysis temperature while the CO₂ content decreased. When the experiment was conducted at 450℃ with a 3.0×U_mf fluidized velocity and a 0.43 to 0.71 mm particle size, the yield was 40.01 wt% and there was a heating value of 30.17 MJ/kg, respectively. The production of various phenol compounds and benzene derivatives in the bio-oil, which contains the high value products, was identified using GC-MS. This study demonstrated that fast pyrolysis is very robust and can be used for converting Ginkgo leaves into fuels and thus has the potential of becoming a method for waste recycling.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 2023

Recently, redevelopment of the original downtown area is underway, the necessity of construction in adjacent location is increasing. However, excavations in dense urban areas are prone to ground problems due to various causes, so it is necessary to use materials and methods that can minimize such problems. As a general earth retaining method, various methods such as diaphragm wall and CIP method are applied using cement. However, since a large amount of cement is used for the installation of earth retaining method, it is necessary to conduct research on the development of new cement substitute materials to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we utilized the hardening reaction of blast furnace slag powder, desulfurized gypsum and high calcium fly ash by alkali activation and applied it to the SCW method. As a result, it was analyzed that the compressive strength of solidified soil using development solidification material was 96.2 ~ 106.3% of OPC at 28 days of curing. In addition, the strength increment ratio was 2.06 for sandy soil and 2.41 for clayey soil, which was higher than 1.85 of OPC. It seems an advantageous in terms of long-term strength. In addition, from the environmental point of view, it was analyzed that there is no elution of heavy metals and that greenhouse gas emissions can be dramatically reduced. Therefore, if further studies are conducted, it can be applied to the SCW method.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.426-433
• /
• 2023

Capacitor performance was considered using coffee grounds-based activated carbon produced through oil extraction and KOH activation to increase the utilization of boiwaste. Oil extraction from coffee grounds was performed by solvent extraction using n-Hexane and isopropyl alcohol solvents. The AC_CG-Hexane/IPA produced by KOH activation after oil extraction increased the specific surface area by up to 16% and the average pore size by up to 2.54 nm compared to AC_CG produced only by KOH activation without oil extraction. In addition, the pyrrolic/pyridinic N functional group of the prepared activated carbon increased with the extraction of oil from coffee grounds. In the cyclic voltage-current method measurement experiment, the specific capacitance of AC_CG-Hexane/IPA at a voltage scanning speed of 10 mV/s is 133 F/g, which is 33% improved compared to the amorphous capacity of AC_CG (100 F/g). The results show improved electrochemical properties by improving the size and specific surface area of the mesopores of activated carbon by removing components from coffee grounds oil and synergistic effects by increasing electrical conductivity with pyrrolic/pyridinic N functional groups. In this study, the recycling method and application of coffee grounds, a bio-waste, is presented, and it is considered to be one of the efficient methods that can be utilized as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2007

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites not only approach almost near to the strength of thermosetting composite but also has excellent productivity, recycling property, and impact resistance, which are pointed as weaknesses of thermosetting composites. The study for strength calculation of one direction fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites and the study measuring precisely fiber orientation distribution were presented. Need the systematic study for the data base that can predict mechanical properties of composite material and fiber orientation distribution by the fiber content ratio was not constructed. Therefore, this study was investigated what affect the fiber content ratio and fiber orientation distribution have on the strength of composites. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites by changing fiber orientation distribution and the fiber content ratio were made. Tensile strength ratio of $0^{\circ}$ direction of fiber-reinforced composites increased being proportional the fiber content and fiber orientation function as change from isotropy(J=0) to anisotropy(J=1). But, tensile strength ratio of $90^{\circ}$ direction by separation of fiber filament decreased when tensile load is imposed fur width direction of reinforcement fiber length direction.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.50-50
• /
• 2022

한국농어촌공사 산하의 농업용저수지 중 3786개소에 대한 수질조사를 '19년도에 실시한 결과, TOC 기준 4등급 초과 저수지 비율은 약 20%로써, 도심 근교 저수지에서 녹조현상 빈발로 인해 수질, 악취, 미관 등의 환경문제 개선 민원이 다수 발생하고 있다. 현재 녹조 발생 사후관리를 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 대형 조류제거선은 저수심 수변부에서의 적용성에 한계가 있고, Al 기반의 응집제를 사용하여 조류를 수거해서 폐기하고 있는 실정이다. (주)이엔이티는 농어촌연구원, (주)코레드, (주)삼호인넷과 함께 호소나 정체하천의 수변지역에 적용될 수 있는 저에너지형 유해조류 포집시스템 개발과, 수거된 조류부산물을 무독화하여 농업재료로 재활용하는 방안을 연구하고 있다. 저수지나 정체수역의 녹조는 바람, 수면유동 등에 의해 수변에 집적되는 특성이 있어, 인공지능 기술로 녹조현상을 감시하여 조류 밀집구간에 접근할 수 있는 자율이동식 수상이동장치를 개발 중이다. 수상이동장치는 조류포집장치를 탑재하기 위한 부력체, 원격 운전이 가능한 무인항법장치, 수변식생대 및 저수심지역 이동을 고려한 수차방식 추진체, 전체 장치의 전원 공급을 위한 고성능 배터리 등으로 구성하여 상세 도면 설계를 진행하고 있다. 조류포집장치에는 표층에 주로 분포하는 남조류를 선택 흡입하는 포집 부표를 적용하였고, Al계 응집제 사용을 배제한 분리막 실험을 통해 침지형 막분리조 및 가압형 농축조를 설계하였다. 유해조류 포집 및 농축은 수상에서 이동체에 탑재하여 이뤄지고, 육상에서는 자원 회수가 가능하도록 회분식 응집공정으로 구분하였다. 조류 밀집지역에서 수거된 조류의 무독화 및 농업재료 자원화 타당성 평가를 위해 특용 버섯균주를 활용한 시료별 분석항목을 선정하고 실험 매트릭스에 따라 실증실험을 수행하였다. 수거조류를 전처리하여 성분 및 발열량을 분석하고 버섯재배 전후의 마이크로시스틴 독소(LR, RR, LR)를 포함한 성분 분석을 수행하여, 고체연료, 비료 및 사료로 활용방안을 검토하였다. 무인자율이동 조류포집장치는 실증화 규모로 제작하여 기선정된 테스트베드에서 현장적용성 평가를 수행할 예정이다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 유해조류 포집 시스템은 기존의 녹조제거 방안을 보완하여 정체수역의 생태계 복원 및 친수공간의 환경개선 등에 적용되며, 무독화가 입증된 유해조류의 농업재료 자원화 기술은 고부가 상품 개발 및 환경폐기물 감축에 활용될 것이다.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2024

As demand for electric vehicles increases, the market for lithium-ion batteries is also rapidly increasing. The battery life of lithium-ion batteries is limited, so waste lithium-ion batteries are inevitably generated. Accordingly, lithium was selectively preleached from waste lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, hereafter referred to as the LFP) cathode material powder among lithium ion batteries, and iron phosphate (FePO₄) powder was recovered. The recovered iron phosphate powder was mixed with alkaline sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) powder and heat treated to confirm its crystalline phase. The heat treatment temperature was set as a variable, and then the leaching rate and powder characteristics of each ingredient were compared after water leaching using Di-water. In this study, lithium showed a leaching rate of approximately 100%, and in the case of powder heat-treated at 800 ℃, phosphorus was leached by approximately 99%, and the leaching residue was confirmed to be a single crystal phase of Fe₂O₃. Therefore, in this study, lithium, phosphorus, and iron components were individually separated and recovered from waste LFP powder.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.659-665
• /
• 2008

This study is about zeolite synthesis from the sewage sludge incinerator fly ash of "S" sewage treatment center located in Seoul. For this purpose, the properties of raw fly ash as starting material, the hydrothermal conditions for zeolite synthesis and the environmental applicabilities of synthesized zeolites were examined. Fly ash from sewage sludge incinerator has large quantities of SiO$_2$ and Al$_2$O$_3$ and their contents are 42.8 wt.% and 21.2 wt.% respectively. So fly ash is considered to be possible starting material for zeolite synthesis. The results from leaching test of fly ash showed that the concentration of hazardous metals were very low as compared with the Korea leaching standard of the Waste Management Law. But the concentration from total recoverable test of fly ash were higher than the fertilizer standard of Fertilizer Management Law. Major zeolite products synthesized by hydrothermal reaction are analcime in teflon vessel and zeolite P1 in borosilicate flask. Optimum conditions for the synthesis of analcime were 1 N of NaOH concentration, 16 hour of reaction time and 135$^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature. For the zeolite P1 formation, the proper conditions were demonstrated to be 5 N of NaOH concentration, 16 hour reaction time and 130$^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature in this study. Hazardous metal contents in the analcime product are similar with those in raw fly ash. In case of the zeolite P1, the contents are reduced to nearly a half. Raw fly ash and the analcime product showed NH$_4{^+}$ ion exchange capacity of 0$\sim$1.0 mg of NH$_4{^+}$g$^{-1}$ and 3.0$\sim$7.4 mg of NH$_4{^+}$g$^{-1}$, respectively. However, the zeolite P1 product reached exchange capacity to 14.6$\sim$17.8 mg of NH$_4{^+}$g$^{-1}$. This values are in the range of those of natural clinoptilolite and phillipsite. From this point of view, zeolite synthesis from sewage treatment sludge incinerator fly ash is a good alternative for solid waste recycling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.329-336
• /
• 2006

Iron manufacturing process involves production of various by-product including slag, sludge, sintering and EAF(Electric Arc furnace dust). Some of the by-products such as EAF and sintering dust are disposed of as waste due to their high heavy metal contents. It has been notice for many years that the EAF dust also contain about 65% of Fe(0) and Fe(II) and then the possible utilization of the iron. One possibility is to apply the EAF as a lining material in conjunction with clay or HDPE liners, in waste landfill. The probable reaction between the leachate containing toxic elements such as TCE, PCE dioxine and $Cr^{6+}$ is reduction of the toxic materials in corresponding to the oxidation of the reduced iron and therefore diminishing the toxicity of the leachate. It is, however, prerequisite to evaluate the leaching characteristics of the EAF dust before application. Amelioration of the leachate would be archived only when the level of toxic elements in the treated leachate is less than that of in the untreated leachate. Several leaching techniques were selected to cover different conditions and variable environments including time, pH and contact method. The testing methods include availability test, pH-stat test and continuous column test. Cr and Zn are potentially leachable elements among the trace metals. The pH of the EAF dust is highly alkaline, recording around 12 and Zn is unlikely to be leached under the condition. On the contrary Cr is more leachable under alkaline environment. However, the released Cr should be reduced to $Cr^{3+}$ and then removed as $Cr(OH)_3$. Removal of the Cr is observed in the column test and further study on the specific reaction of Cr and EAF dust is underway.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2020

For the past few decades, as part of efforts to protect the environment where fossil fuels, which have been a key energy resource for mankind, are becoming increasingly depleted and pollution due to industrial development, ecofriendly secondary batteries, hydrogen generating energy devices, energy storage systems, and many other new energy technologies are being developed. Among them, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) is considered to be a next-generation energy device suitable for application as a large-capacity battery and capable of industrial application due to its high energy density and long lifespan. However, considering the growing battery market such as eco-friendly electric vehicles and drones, it is expected that a large amount of battery waste will spill out from some point due to the end of life. In order to prepare for this situation, development of a process for recovering lithium and various valuable metals from waste batteries is required, and at the same time, a plan to recycle them is socially required. In this study, we introduce a nanoscale pattern transfer printing (NTP) process of Li2CO3, a representative anode material for lithium ion batteries, one of the strategic materials for recycling waste batteries. First, Li2CO3 powder was formed by pressing in a vacuum, and a 3-inch sputter target for very pure Li2CO3 thin film deposition was successfully produced through high-temperature sintering. The target was mounted on a sputtering device, and a well-ordered Li2CO3 line pattern with a width of 250 nm was successfully obtained on the Si substrate using the NTP process. In addition, based on the nTP method, the periodic Li2CO3 line patterns were formed on the surfaces of metal, glass, flexible polymer substrates, and even curved goggles. These results are expected to be applied to the thin films of various functional materials used in battery devices in the future, and is also expected to be particularly helpful in improving the performance of lithium-ion battery devices on various substrates.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.407-417
• /
• 2020

The capacity of the designated landfill site for asbestos-containing waste is approaching its limit because the amount of asbestos-containing slate is increasing every year. There is a need for a method that can safely and inexpensively treat asbestos-containing slate in large capacity and at the same time recycle it. A cement kiln can be an alternative for heat treatment of asbestos-containing slate. We intend to develop a pilot scale device that can simulate the high temperature environment of a cement kiln using a high temperature plasma reactor in this study. In addition, this reactor can be used to inactivate asbestos in the slate and to synthesize one of the minerals of cement, to confirm the possibility of recycling as a cement raw material. The high-temperature plasma reactor as a pilot scale experimental apparatus was manufactured by downsizing to 1/50 the size of an actual cement kiln. The experimental conditions for the deactivation test of the asbestos-containing slate are the same as the firing time of the cement kiln, increasing the temperature to 200-2,000℃ at 100℃ intervals for 20 minutes. XRD, PLM, and TEM-EDS analyses were used to characterize mineralogical characteristics of the slate before and after treatment. It was confirmed that chrysotile [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4] and calcite (CaCO3) in the slate was transformed into forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), a cement constituent mineral, at 1,500℃ or higher. Therefore, this study may be suggested the economically and safely inactivating large capacity asbestos-containing slate using a cement kiln and the inactivated slate via heat treatment can be recycled as a cement raw material.