• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2004

When surveying the cultural heritages especially in the case of stone structures, preserving their original state is of primary importance. For the effective assessment of survey results of stone structure, the dynamic characteristics of that system should be considered. Dynamic characteristics of stone masonry structures depend on several factors such as coefficients of friction, contact conditions, and number of layers of bonding stones. These factors can be estimated by using the dynamic analysis results. This paper describes a method for natural frequency determination of traditional stone arch bridge subjected to compressive force. For this purpose, multi-layered granite brick models of for arch bridge were made and fundamental frequencies corresponding increasing axial forces were measured.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.389-402
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• 2014

In this paper, the load test of full-scale precast concrete arch bridges considering reinforced joint and backfill was conducted. It is an improved method that the reinforced joint enhanced the structural performance of conventional masonry arch system which was proposed by previous researchers. The models of full-scale test are $10m(span){\times}3m$ (rise) and $10m(span){\times}2m$ (rise), which are 2 meters in width. The critical load position was shown at a third-span from the results of the pre-analysis. Based on the this results, the positions of load, measuring items and points were determined in experiments. As a result, the maximum load capacity of the specimen $10m{\times}2m$, a relatively small rise to span ratio (compared to the specimen $10m{\times}3m$), was higher than the specimen $10m{\times}3m$. It was evaluated that all the specimens have sufficient structural performance on the design load.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

Masonry structures that are very strong in compression fail due to the instability of structural shape of geometry rather than the material stress limit. Considering such structural behavior, the use of the limit theorem that focuses on structural collapse mechanisms is more appropriate for the evaluation of the structural safety of stone voussoir arch bridges. This paper is to investigate structural performance of the stone arch bridges constructed using dry construction method in Korea based on the limit theorem and to exploit the result to develop a system for an structural safety margin. It is expected that this study will help us understand structural behavior of stone voussoir arch bridges in Korea. Also, it will provide a guideline to make engineering decision from the viewpoint of the maintenance of cultural heritages.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.379-393
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to first evaluate the seismic behavior of ageing arch bridges by using the Intensity Measure - based demand and DCFD format, which is referred to as the fragility-hazard format. Then, an investigation is performed for their seismic vulnerability. Analytical models are created for bridges concerning different features and these models are subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) analysis using a set of 22 earthquake records. The hazard curve and results of IDA analysis are employed to evaluate the return period of exceeding the limit states in the IM-based probabilistic performance-based context. Subsequently, the fragility-hazard format is used to assess factored demand, factored capacity, and the ratio of the factored demand to the factored capacity of the models with respect to different performance objectives. Finally, the vulnerability curves are obtained for the investigated bridges in terms of the loss ratio. The results revealed that decreasing the span length of the unreinforced arch bridges leads to the increase in the return period of exceeding various limit states and factored capacity and decrease in the displacement demand, the probability of failure, the factored demand, as well as the factored demand to factored capacity ratios, loss ratio, and seismic vulnerability. Finally, it is derived that the probability of the need for rehabilitation increases by an increase in the span length of the models.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.45-55
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• 2018

The arched stone bridge has been continuously deteriorated and damaged by the weathering and corrosion over time, and also natural disaster such as earthquake has added the damage. However, masonry stone bridge has the behavior characteristics as discontinuum structure and is very vulnerable to lateral load such as earthquake. So, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics according to various design variables of arched stone bridge under seismic loads. To this end, the arched stone bridge can be classified according to arch types, and then the discrete element method is applied for the structural modelling and analysis. In addition, seismic loads according to return periods are generated and the dynamic analysis considering the discontinuity characteristics is carried out. Finally, the dynamic behavior characteristics are evaluated through the structural safety estimation for slip condition.

• Architectural research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

Ever since Viollet-le-Due began to examine Gothic structural elements using his method of geometrical analysis in the nineteenth century, art and architectural historians and a few engineers have periodically attempted to ascertain the structural advantages of the various characteristic features of Gothic architecture. In none of these studies, however, has the way forces work within the lightweight and spacious masonry Gothic buildings been precisely interpreted. The approach taken by art and architectural historians has therefore tended to be primarily descriptive and to be based on intuitive assumptions. This study intend to analyze the Gothic non-vaulted nef unique(aisleless) structures of Lower Languedoc which has never been scientifically tested, and to provide as comprehensive an explanation as possible of the way in which these non-vaulted buildings work. In order to achieve this goal, this paper Is to examine, by means of finite element analysis. the links between the width of non-vaulted aisleless structures, the configuration of the arches, diaphragm arch, and the buttress. Finite element analysis with a computer provides a more accurate analysis than the methods of analysis that have been heretofore applied to Gothic structures, as well as permits us to visualize the global stress behavior of the structure. Combined with traditional methods of studying historical buildings, therefore, finite element analysis inevitably give us a broader understanding of the processes involved in the design and construction of medieval buildings.

• Architectural research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2002

For more than a hundred years, art and architectural historians, architects, and engineers interested in structure have attempted to interpret Gothic architecture, one of the most technologically complex and sophisticated structural systems in history. Indigenous Gothic, however, such as non-vaulted Gothic in the Lower Languedoc region of southern France, has been largely ignored. This study intends to analyze the Gothic non-vaulted nef unique (aisleless) structures of Lower Languedoc which have never been scientifically tested, and to provide as comprehensive an explanation as possible of the way in which these non-vaulted buildings work. In order to achieve this goal, this paper is to examine, by means of finite element computer analysis, a selected example of an existing building. The church of Notre-Dame de Lamourguier, the earliest surviving example of a Gothic nef unique with wide-span diaphragm arches in Lower Languedoc, is selected. Thus, hypothetical models of diaphragm arch buildings and an existing building as a complete structural system were scientifically analyzed in order to provide a comprehensive explanation of how the non-vaulted nef unique system works. The result of the analysis, allows us better to understand the structural behavior of this type of masonry arcuated system and the processes involved in the design and construction of medieval buildings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.91-99
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• 1997

Alvar Aalto has pursued National Romanticism, cultural art movement in scandinavian peninsula, organic concepts of growth and suitability, comprehensive view of nature including a possibility of coexistance of human-being and the nature well harmonized. For instance, his design expressed local features of the nature, human emotions instead of geometical arts and mathematical principles. It is noteworthy today that he built up the identity with satrical architecture vocabularies, different from modern arch-itechtural idiology. The characte-ristics of his design related to interior architecture are collectively as follows; The first, Space discontinuity of the interior and exterior, gradual process by joints which are inclined to collage with many shapes in plan and section of the space and such joints are adjusted by sensual ways and stressed with inner collectivity in his works. The second, He pursued the architectural orderfor modern irreqularity, various changes and sensual harmonies. As result, free curved line, fan shape and irregular modeling were individually expressed by technics of natural features and national characteristics of Finland. The third, Organic synthesis. A harmony through med-ums in its space, materials and space effectiveness relations are made and expressed for mixed design especially harmonized of all the materials he planned, entire harmony with total design, itemized details, materials and furnitures in entire space. The fourth, The interest of the nature based on his sense harmonized with nature made him mainly use native materials, lumbers and red bricks masonry and showed and arranged various interior sky light and grazed in to let natural light in, harmony with garden to sensually cohere to the nature and courtyard, etcetera. His major subject are to direct architectural developments through the nature and human-being in his works. At this point, it is considered that his direction of the locality and independence as a human-being made the concepts of organic space structure possible.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.775-799
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• 2012

This work approaches the structural performance of masonry arches that have a small ratio between number of vossoirs and span length. The aim of this research is to compare and validate three different methods of analysis (funicular limit analysis F.L.A., kinematic limit analysis K.L.A. and plane stress Finite Element Analysis F.E.A.) with an experimental campaign. 18 failure tests with arches of different shapes and boundary conditions have been performed. The basic failure mechanism was the formation of enough hinges in the geometry. Nevertheless, in few cases, sliding between vossoirs also played a relevant influence. Moreover, few arches didn't reach the collapse. The FLA and KLA didn't find a solution close to the experimental values for some of the tests. The low number of vossoirs and joints become a drawback for an agreement between kinematic mechanism, equilibrium of forces and geometry constraints. FLA finds a lower bound whereas KLA finds an upper bound of the ultimate load of the arch. FEA is the most reliable and robust method and it can reproduce most of the mechanism and ultimate loads. However, special care is required in the definition of boundary conditions for FEA analysis. Scientific justification of the more suitability of numerical methods in front of classic methods at calculating arches with a few vossoirs is the main original contribution of the paper.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.4-23
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• 2013

Songsalli Ancient Tombs of Gongju consists of seven tombs. King Muryeong's tomb, the seventh tomb, is a brick chamber tomb discovered during the drainage works for the fifth and the sixth tombs in 1971. The excavation at the time focused on topographic surveys of the tomb entrance and the inside of the burial chamber as well as collection of the remains. The burial mount survey confirmed the status of some stone slab remaining and lime-mixed soil layers, but the survey did not examine the exterior structure of the whole tomb as the mounds were removed even more deeply. The excavation revealed damages to the bricks and mural damages due to moisture and fungus in the sixth and the seventh tombs. Between 1996 and 1997, Gongju National University conducted a comprehensive detailed survey of Songsalli Ancient Tombs including a geophysical survey, with an aim to identify the root causes of such degradation. Based on the results, repair took place in 1999 and the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs were placed under permanent conservation to conserve the cultural assets. General public is currently denied access. The purpose of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional resistivity and GPR surveys on the ground surface of the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs of Songsalli Ancient Tombs in order to understand the underground status after repair. The study also aimed to understand the thickness of all the tomb walls and exterior structure based on GPR inside King Muryeong's tomb. The exploration on the ground surface found that the three tombs and soil adjacent to the tombs had resistivity as low as 5 to $90{\Omega}m$, which confirmed that the soil water content was still as high as that prior to the repair work. Additionally, GPR found that the wall construction of the burial chamber of King Muryeong's tomb was approximately 70cm in thickness, while the structure was of 2B with two bricks, about 35cm in length, put together longitudinally(2B brick masonry). The pathway to the burial chamber was of the 2B structure just like that of the burial chamber walls, while its thickness was 80cm with an eyebrow-type arch connected to it. Also, the ceiling exterior appears to have an arch structure, identical to the shape inside.