• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2016

This paper presents a study of the tensile properties of austenitic high-manganese steel specimens with different grain sizes. Although the stacking fault energy, calculated using a modified thermodynamic model, slightly decreased with increasing grain size, it was found to vary in a range of $23.4mJ/m^2$ to $27.1mJ/m^2$. Room-temperature tensile test results indicated that the yield and tensile strengths increased; the ductility also improved as the grain size decreased. The increase in the yield and tensile strengths was primarily attributed to the occurrence of mechanical twinning, as well as to the grain refinement effect. On the other hand, the improvement of the ductility is because the formation of deformation-induced martensite is suppressed in the high-manganese steel specimen with small grain size during tensile testing. The deformation-induced martensite transformation resulting from the increased grain size can be explained by the decrease in stacking fault energy or in shear stress required to generate deformation-induced martensite transformation.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.34-43
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• 1991

A small amount of misch metal and/or Zr was added as a dopant to 70.5wt----Cu-26wt----Zn-3.5wt----Al shape memory alloy in order to study the effect of grain refinement and heat treatments on the transformation behavior, stabilization of martensite, and shape memory ability. It was found that the addition of misch metal and Zr was very effective for reducing the grain size. The fracture mode has been changed from intergranular brittle fracture to ductile fracture with void formation and coalescence by the addition of misch metal and Zr. Aging of the ${\beta}$-phase decreases the $M_s$ temperature, but that of the martensite phase increases the $A_s$ temperature. The hysteresis of transformation temperature ${\Delta}T(A_s-M_s)$ has an increasing tendancy by grain refinement. The crystal structure of martensite was identified as monoclinic structure. As the grain size decreased, martensite stabilization more easily occured and the shape, memory ability has been reduced by the grain size refined.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.1222-1228
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• 1999

Zr의 ${\beta}{\to}{\alpha}$ 상변태 특성에 미치는 Sn과 Nb 첨가의 영향을 광학현미경과 전자현미경을 이용하여 연구하였다. 공냉한 Zr의 미세구조는 첨가된 합금원소의 종류에 관계없이 모두 미세한 ${\alpha}$-lath 폭이 일정하였으나, Nb의 첨가량이 증가할수록 ${\alpha}$-lath 폭이 감소하였으며, 이는 Nb 첨가에 따른 ${\beta}{\to}{\alpha}$+${\beta}$변태온도의 저하에 기인한 것으로 보인다. Martensitic 변태 특성을 나타낸 수냉의 경우에는 순수한 Zr과 Sn을 첨가한 경우에는 slipped martensite의 특성을 나타낸 반면에, Nb을 첨가한 경우에는 급격한 Ms 온도의 감소에 따라 twinned martensite의 특성을 나타내었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

A new method was introduced to distinguish the ferrite, bainite and martensite in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EBSD is a very powerful microstructure analysis technique at the length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to millimeters. However, iron BCC phases such as ferrite, bainite and martensite cannot be easily distinguished by EBSD due to their similar surface morphology and crystallographic structure. Among the various EBSD-based methodology, image quality (IQ) values, which present the perfection of a crystal lattice, was used to distinguish the iron BCC phases. IQ values are very useful tools to discern the iron BCC phases because of their different density of crystal defect and lattice distortion. However, there are still remaining problems that make the separation of bainite and martensite difficult. For instance, these phases have very similar IQ values in many cases, especially in deformed region; therefore, even though the IQ value was used, it has been difficult to distinguish the bainite and martensite. For more precise separation of bainite and martensite, IQ threshold values were determined by a correlative TEM analysis. By determining the threshold values, iron BCC phases were successfully separated.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transformation induced martensite on the tensile properties of Fe-20Mn-12Cr-3Ni-3Si alloy. α' and ε-martensite were formed by cold rolling, and these martensite were formed with according to the specific direction, surface relief and partially intersection. With an increasing degree of cold rolling, amount of α'-martensite was slowly increased, whereas amount of ε-martensite was rapidly increased. Volume fraction of ε-martensite formed by cold working was large than α'-martensite. Tensile strength was rapidly increase and elongation was rapidly decreased with an increasing of degree of cold rolling. This means that tensile strengh and elongation was greatly influenced by the volume fraction of ε-martensite formed by cold rolling then α'-martensite.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Membrane용 오스테나이트계 304 스테인리스강 판재의 3점 굽힘피로 특성에 관한 연구를 상온 및 LNG 온도인 $-162^{\circ}C$, 변형량 $0.43{\~}1.70\%$ 범위에서 수행하였다. 저온에서의 굽힘피로 특성이 상온보다 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 이는 변형유기 마르텐사이트 변태에 필요한 구동력이 적어서 보다 많은 양의 마르텐사이트를 함유했기 때문으로 판단된다. 상온 및 저온 모두에서 반복경화 현상이 관찰되었으며, 이러한 반복경화는 상온의 경우 피로주기가 반복됨에 따라 점진적으로 증가되지만 저온의 경우 초기 피로주기에서 급격히 증가된 후 점차로 감소하거나 일정한 값을 나타내었는데 이러한 차이는 저온의 경우 초기에 급격히 변형유기 마르텐사이트가 생성되지만 상온의 경우 변형유기 마르텐사이트 생성에는 일정한 소성변형의 축적이 필요하기 때문으로 생각된다. 기존의 JGA 연구결과와 비교해 볼 때 본 연구에서 사용된 국산소재의 굽힘피로 특성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.203-206
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• 2008

Transformation of austenite to martensite during cold rolling has been widely used to strengthen metastable austenitic stainless steel grades. Aging treatment of cold worked metastable austenitic stainless steels, including ${\alpha}'$-martensite phase, results in the further increase of strength, when aging is performed in $200^{\circ}C$ to $450^{\circ}C$ temperature range. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of time and temperature on the stress-strain behavior of cold worked austenitic stainless steels. The amount of ${\alpha}'$-martensite during cold working and aging was examined by ferrite scope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). During aging at $450^{\circ}C$ for 1hr, tensile strength dramatically increased by 150MPa. Deformed metastable austenitic steels containing the "body-centered" ${\alpha}'$-martensite are strengthened by the diffusion of interstitial solute atoms during aging at low temperature.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2017

The cyclic hardening behavior of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels shows tension-compression asymmetry known to be attributed to transformation of retained austenite into martensite during deformation. In this work, YoshidaUemori hardening model was used to represent the asymmetric hardening behavior of TRIP1180 steel. Yoshida-Uemori hardening model parameters were obtained from three sets of data: tension-compression, compression-tension, and a combination of the two. Material models were validated for U-bending and springback.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2003

The refinement of microstructure and phase transformation near the interface of pure copper/carbon steel dissimilar metals joints with various friction welding parameters have been studied in this paper. The microstructure of copper and carbon steel joints were changed to be a finer grain compared to those of the base metals due to the frictional heat and plastic deformation. The microstructure of copper side experienced wide range of deformed region from the weld interface and divided into very fine equaxied grains and elongated grains. Especially, the microstructures near the interface on carbon steel were transformed from ferrite and pearlite dual structure to fine ferrite, grain boundary pearlite and martensite due to the welding thermal cycle and rapid cooling rate after welding. These microstructures were varied with each friction welding parameters. The recrystallization on copper side is reason for softening in copper side and martensite transformation could explain the remarkable hardening region in carbon steel side.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.392-397
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• 2000

Fe-30Ni-0.35C 합금과 몇가지 저융점 순금속의 상변태에 미치는 압력의 영향에 대하여 PDSC를 이용하여 조사하였다. Fe-30Ni-0.35C 합금의 오스폼트 마르텐사이트 및 마르폼드 마르텐사이트 오스테나이트로 역변태시 압력이 1 기압에서 60기압으로 증가하에 따라. $A_s$점이 약 $2~4^{\circ}C$ 저하하며, 이것은 상전이시의 체적변화가 음의 값이 되기 때문이다. 또한 $A_f$ 점은 압력이 증가함에 따라 변함없이 일정하거나 매우 미소한 상승을 나타내는데, 이것은 압력이 증가할수록 탄화물의 석출이 촉진되기 때문이다. Fe-30Ni-0.35C 합금의 오스폼드 마르텐사이트의 역변태시 엔탈피변화는 압력이 1 기압에서 60기압으로 상승함에 따라 10~14J/g 증가한다. 순금속 Se, Sn, Pb, Zn, Te 등의 용융점은 압력이 1기압에서 60기압으로 증가함에 따라 매우 완만하게 상승하며, 용융시의 엔탈피변화는 압력의 증가에 따라 거의 변화가 없거나 미소 증가를 나타낸다.