• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between soil environmental factors and halophyte distribution in the west coast of South Korea. Soils of our study sites were categorized into two groups: salt marsh and estuary marsh. Results: Salinity was higher in the salt marsh group than that in the estuary marsh group. However, total nitrogen, silt, and clay contents were higher in the estuary marsh group than those in the salt marsh group. Although altitude had a wider range in the salt marsh group, the mean altitude was higher in the estuary marsh group than that in the salt marsh group. Annual halophytes of seed propagation species were distributed parallel to the coast line on salt marsh. Higher coverage of vegetation was found in the area closer to the coast line. Plant density was higher near dead parental plants in estuary marsh, showing less difference in area that was more distant from the coast line. Conclusions: Results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for vegetation distribution and sediment environmental factors and germination analysis in the coast line showed significant relationship with halophyte distribution. Therefore, they can be used as an indicator of coastal plant movement due to sea level rise.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.316-325
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to optimum formulation conditions for the preparation of retort pouched marsh snail Senisulcospira livertina soup with curled mallow Malva verticillata and optimized the sterilization process. Samples were prepared according to the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) by encrypting the amounts of marsh snail broth, boiled marsh snail and blanched curled mallow, which are the main ingredients of retort pouched marsh snail soup with curled mallow. Raw marsh snail was sorted by size of 4-5 level, and then marsh snail was washed and removed sediment in a water tank for 3 min, then boiled at 100℃ for 10 min, and then directly separated by hand to prepared a boiled marsh snail. The marsh snail cube is prepared by combining blanched at 100℃ for 10 sec curled mallow (27 g) and green onion (20 g) with boiled marsh snail (27 g) and soybean paste (10 g). The marsh snail cube was placed with marsh snail broth (416 g) in a retort pouch film. Subsequently, sterilization (118.0℃, 25 min; F₀ value, 12 min) and cooling were performed using a steam retort.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the removal of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) in the batch and continuous type microcosm systems consisting of marsh and pond. First, the batch reactor study showed that TNT (10 mg/L) was completely removed in the marsh and pond system within 20 days. The major reductive metabolites of TNT include 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT). These metabolites concentration also decreased during further treatment. The continuous reactor systems combining marsh and pond indicated the similar pattern of TNT degadation and the metabolites production. Among the continuous reactor combinations, marsh-pond system showed more stable TNT removal and metabolites production. The toxicity of the effluent from the continuous system was examined by Microtox Assay using Vibrio fischeri. The result showed that the effluent toxicity was reduced below toxicity endpoint ($EC_{50}$) after continuous marsh pond system, indicating that metabolites of TNT are less toxic than TNT itself. Based on the results, TNT contaminated wastewater can be efficiently treated using marsh and pond wetland systems.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 2004

The microcosm type wetland systems were constructed in order to treat wastewater contaminated with parathion. The microcosm reactor consisted of marsh and pond type. The experiment was carried out using batch (marsh or pond) and continuous (marsh-pond and pond-marsh type) systems. In the batch reactor, marsh-type wetland completely removed parathion in water within 8 days, while pond reactor removed 97% of parathion during the same period. During parathion degradation, the amount of 4-nitrophenol production, one of the metabolites from parathion degradation, was higher in marsh-type batch reactor. In the continuous systems, both marsh-pond and pond-marsh combination systems effectively removed parathion from water, and the production of 4-nitrophenol was also minimal. In the extraction experiment, the parathion and its metabolite were not found in the wetland soil and the plant. In order to achieve both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the continuous wetland system combining marsh and pond type can be the alternative for the non-point source pollutants such as parathion pesticide.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 1985

Energy flow through the trophic levels was studied at a salt marsh ecosystem distinguished into low and high marsh. Gross primary productions of Suaedeto-Salicornietum and Artemisieto-Limonietum at low marsh were 8, 299 and 13, 154kca/$m^2$/yr, and those of Calama-grostetum and Sonchuso-Setaetum at high marsh were 17, 899 and 15, 177kca/$m^2$/yr, respectively. Efficiencies of solar energy utilization of plants were 1.7 and 2.6% at the former, and were 3.6 and 3.2% at the latter. Of gross productions, net primary productions were 3, 977 and 5, 280kca/m2/yr at low marsh and were 6, 354 and 5, 329kca/$m^2$/yr at high marsh, and the remainder, 52~67%, was consumed by respiration of plants. A small amount (0.03~0.04%) of the net primary production was flowed through grazing food chain and most amout was transferred into dead parts. Of dead parts, 40% was accuulated as litter and the rest was decomposed into detritus. In the detritus food chain, a little energy was utilized by detritus feeder, and a major by microorganism. The amounts of energy flowed through grazing and detritus feeders at high marsh were much more than those at low marsh, but tertary production as spider was Vice versa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define the species composition of the soil seed banks at major wetlands in Nakdong river basin and central korea and to investigate how soil seed banks relate to aboveground vegetation and soil texture. In 2005, we sampled seed banks at Baksil reservoir, Jillal marsh, Deapyeng marsh, Hwapo marsh, Upo marsh and Junam reservoir in Nakdong river basin and Osan stream and Amsa-dong in Seoul. The soil seeds were estimated with the emergence method from April to October. Total numbers of species at the seed banks were 33 at Baksil, 18 at Daepyeong, 35 at Jillal, 56 at Upo, 32 at Hwapo, 47 at Osan stream, 54 at Amsa waterside, 31 at Amsa meadow. The species diversity in the soil seed banks of Upo marsh was the highest as 0.95. The community overlap index that compares aboveground with underground vegetation is high in the Upo marsh (0.34), Jilla marsh (0.36), and Osan stream (0.27). Soil texture affected distribution of 8 species, Lindernia procumbens, L. attenuata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Juncus effusus, Persicaria thunbergii, Eragrostis multicaulis, Cyperus nipponicus, Scirpus fluviatilis. Considering the social and cultural values, soils at Amsa meadow, Hwapo marsh and Osan stream have worth to use for wetland restoration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2001

Marsh calm(Corbicular elatior)with a short-term storage in raw and a law-rate of utilization has been increasing the needs to develop new marsh calm processing products for a temporary mass treatment and long-term distribution, Therefore the processing conditions of marsh calm beverage using proteolytic enzyme hydrolysis were investigated. A partial hydrolysis at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour after adding 3% Alcalase as more effective than a hot water extraction to develop taste compounds from the marsh calm. The result of ommission test showed that nucleotides and their related compounds were contributed in the taste of the marsh calm hydrolysates rather than free amino acids. The taste of the hydrolysates was produced by association with these compounds rather than only one compound s the hydrolystes taste differently for the control when one of these compound was omitted. The hydrolysates were fractionated to molecular weight below 500 dalton to eliminate bitter taste and to improve it flavor from the hydrolysates, 0.05% bay leaf was more effective to improve the odor than other herbs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2011

To make conservative port and coast ecosystems and creative the greenspace, We were investigated with characteristic of flora, environmental factors, types of port, adaptive species, minimum conservation area and plantation model. In 50 sites of study areas, there are 19 families and 174 species of vascular plants and 19 families and 48 species of halophytes. Dominant communities in port ecosystem contains Carex kobomugi community, Elymus mollis community, Carex pumila community, Ixeris repens community, Vitex rutundifolia community, Calystegia soldandlla community, Rosa rugosa community, Lathyrus japonica community, Salsola komarovi community, Cynodon dactylon community, Tetragonia tetragonioides community, Suaeda japonica community, Suaeda maritima community, Zoysia sinica community and Phragmites communis community. We carried out Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) for ordinations on the vegetation and plant communities-environmental variable matrices in 50 sites. The communities tended to cluster into three types: Clay marsh, Sand marsh, Sand gravel marsh types. Adaptive species in habitate types are selected that sand marsh-type communities in ports contained Elymus mollis community, Ixeris repens community, Carex kobomugi community, Carex pumila community, Clay marsh-type communities contained Suaeda japonica community, Phragmites communis community, Zoysia sinica community and Suaeda maritima community, Sand gravel marsh-type communities contained Vitex rutundifolia community, Calystegia soldandlla community. We are conducted the estimation of minimal area for plantation of adaptive plant species and carried out guide line and plantation model for creation of green space in port ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.817-825
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to research about salt marsh flora and vegetation in the Dongjin-river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plant and establishment of a conservation policy after deceloping the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great value ecologically. In conclusion, we was distributed that there are 7 families 21 genera, 25 species, 2 varieties of vascular plant at the Dongjin-river estuary area which have 27 taxa in total and are $0.64\%$ among 4,191 of korean vascular plant. There are also 2 family, 2 genus, 2 species of a naturalized plant which are $1.1\%$ of indicator of a naturalized plant salt marsh vegetation of the downstream are very much affected by the time of inundation, tidal water so that a low degree of salt marsh has frequent flooding by sea water and has a pure group of Suaeda japonica. A Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia are distributed mainly around a waterway of salt marsh and Zoysia sinica, Atriplex subcordata, Phragmites communis are living in stock as forming into patch around medium salt marsh. Suaeda asparagoides, Phacelurus latifolius are living around a little high ground and a Phragmites communis is a behind vegetation of Phacelurus latifolius and a part of the Phragmites communis are living along with waterway in a salt marsh as a community. By the 2-M method twelve plant communities were recognized ; Suaeda japonica. Carex scabrifolia, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia scoparia, Phacelurus latifolius, Phragmites communis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Atriplex gmelini, Phragmites communis-Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Salicornia herbacea-Suaeda aspar-agoides and Scirpus planiculmis community. The actual vegetation map was constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

Shihwa tidal freshwater marsh was constructed recently to treat pollutants entering Shihwa lake. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal accumulation in soils of Shihwa marsh and sought correlations between several soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and acid ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents) and the heavy metal concentration of soils. Surface soil samples (0∼20 cm) were collected in June 2000, November 2000, and July 2001, and were analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg) and soil chemical properties. The neutral pH and water-saturated conditions of Shihwa marsh appeared to favor immobilization of heavy metal through adsorption onto soils. The concentrations of heavy metal (especially Zn, Cu, and Cr) in soils of Shihwa marsh increased along the sampling occasions, suggesting that soils of Shihwa marsh serve as a sink of heavy metal. Among the sub-marshes, metal concentrations were highest in Banweol high marshes and lowest in Samhwa marshes. The temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal concentrations of soils were correlated positively with organic matter and oxalate extractable Fe and Al contents, but negatively with electrical conductivity. These results suggest that organic matter and hydrous oxide of Fe/Al may playa key role in removing heavy metals in soils of Shihwa marsh, and that heavy metal removing capacity would increase with desalinization. However, the removal patterns of heavy metal by reeds warrant further studies to evaluate the total removal capacity of heavy metals by Shihwa marsh.