• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.53-67
• /
• 1996

A total health state evaluation of Korean female elderlies was made by using the questionary scheme measuring the physical, mental and social functions of the elderlies, in order to investigate the critical factors for the health maintenance of female elderlies and to develop their preventive nursing program. A total of 280 subjects over 65 years old living in Seoul and the suburban area were selected and interviewed during the period of September and October in 1995. The materials collected were analyzed statistically by using SAS data processing program, and the results and recommendations are summarized as follows. 1. The physical health state of Korean elderly women was evaluated to be satisfactory by showing an average score of 3.722 in 5.0 full-score scale. But this score was lower than those evaluated for the elderlies combined both sexes(4.054). The mental health state of the subjects was also evaluated as high scoring 3.484, possibly due to the fact that 78% of the subjects lived together with their children's family. On the other hand, the social health state of the subjects was relatively low scoring 2.585, mainly due to that 80% of them was widows which was resulted by the 6-7 years longer life-expectancy of Korean women. 2. A significant differences in the physical health state scores between different age groups was observed, indicating the rapid ageing process occurring in this age group. The family structure was appeared to be an important factor influencing the physical health state of the female elderlies ; the physical health score of the women with her husband only was higher than that of those living with children's families, and the lowest score was obtained from those living alone. 3. The age was the most important factor determining the mental health state of the subjects, while the religion, educational status, marriage state and family structure did not significantly influenced the mental health state of the aged women. 4. The social health state of the subject was deeply influenced by the marriage state and family structure, showing significantly lower scores with widowers compared to the married couples. Those living with their married spouse only obtained the highest social health score, while those living along showed the lowest score. The parent and grandparentship of those living with their children and the religion, especially Catholic and Protestant, had positive influence on the social health state of the aged women. 5. The mental health state of aged women showed significant correlation with the factors determining the physical health, except for digestive system related ability and sexual ability and the highest extra home ability. 6. The mental health state of aged women showed significant correlation with the factors determining social health, especially with the parent and grandparentship and the family relative's role. From these results, the following recommendations are made. 1. Since the physical, mental and social health states of aged people are deeply influenced by the sex and the average values of the both sex can create misleading figures, the health evaluation of the elderlies should be made separately by sex. 2. Since the health state of aged women is highly influenced by their family structure, the spouse's role and living with married couple only should be emphasized in respect of preventive health care. 3. The social activity programs and grandparentship teaching programs should be prepared in the nursing care program for aged people.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.105-138
• /
• 2009

Although the decline in fertility rate is generally observed along the history of economic development throughout the world, the continuing decline hitting below the replacement level in Korea over the recent years gathered serious social concerns on the ground that it accelerates the process of population aging. The total fertility rate in Koreareached 2.08 in 1983, and gradually fell to the levels of 1.08 in 2005 and 1.26 in 2007. The policy debate over the role of the government has been focused mainly on the level of theoretical discussion without substantial basis on firm empirical evidence and the determinants of fertility. The objective of the paper is to empirically investigate the fertility effect of the female wage, which is understood as one of the most important determinants of fertility in Koreasince 1980 focusing on one aspect of fertility, namely birth spacing. Using the Korean National Fertility Survey conducted in 2006, I estimate a duration model of first and second births taking into account individual heterogeneity, which turned out to be an important factor to control for. Compared with previous studies in the literature on the Korean fertility, the study has an advantage of using the complete pregnancy history of women in a more representative sample. Unlike the previous studies, the analysis also deals with the endogeneity of marriage by treating a certain age, rather than age at marriage, as the time in which a woman becomes exposed to the risk of pregnancy. The study shares the common problem in the literature on birth spacing of lacking relevant wage information for respondents in a retrospective survey. I estimate the wage series as a function of the basic characteristics using the annual Wage Structure Survey from 1980 to 2005, which is considered as a nationally representative sample for wage information of employees. The results suggest that the increase in female wage by 10 percent leads to a decrease in second birth hazard by 0.56~0.92 percentage points and that the increase in spouse's wage by the equal amount is accompanied by the increase in second birth hazard by 0.36~1.13 percentage points. These estimates are more precisely estimated and of smaller magnitude than those presented by the previous studies. The results are robust to the different specifications of the wage equation. The simulation analysis based on the predicted values shows that about 17% of the change in the second birth hazard over the period 1980 to 2005 was due to the change in the female wage. Although there is some limitation in data, the results can be viewed as one estimate of the role of female wage on the recent fertility decline in Korea. The question raised by the paper is not a normative one of whether a government should promote childbearing but a positive one thatexplains fertility decline. Therefore, if there is a wide consensus on promoting childbearing, the finding suggests that the policies designed to reduce the opportunity cost of women in the labor market would be effective. The recent movement of implementing a wide range of family-friendly policies including child care support, maternity leave, parental leave and tax benefit in developed countries should be understood in this context.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.441-457
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information for the development of new sex education image media through the analysis of those tools produced by Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea. Twenty three video tapes related to the sex education were analysed. The data were sampled on the basis of the sex education instructions for primary and secondary schools published by the Seoul Office of Education in 1996 and the list of sex education information composed by the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea with the following requirements. 1) The education materials are oriented to the middle and high school students as well a juveniles and are being used in public health centers and schools. 2) The education materials are not confined to the single subject such as AIDS or contraception. Because this study is focused on the analysis of image media, an analysis method widely and effectively used in public media study was chosen. The frequency analysis and percentage treatment were done by an SAS program. The results of the study are as follows : 1. An analysis of the material structure type showed that the frequency of the following subjects in 15 video tapes, composed as drama and cartoon, had this decreasing orde : sex behavior, sex relation ships, sex health, human development, personal technique, and society and culture. 2. The eight tapes of explanation and counseling showed a different sequence from that of the drama and cartoon material, primarily treating human development with 5419 seconds (47.9%) of type. The following were also considered in decreasing order: at 2000seconds (17.6%) sex behavior, at 1366 seconds (12.1%) sex health, at 1240 seconds (11.0%) society and culture, at 667 seconds (6.0%) relation ships, and at 611 seconds (5.4%) personal technique. 3. In a thematic analysis those education materials dealing with human development show this frequency sequence: anatomic physiology, reproduction, and adolescence. In relation, ships the sequence is dates, love, marriage and vows, and family. For personal technique, it is expressed as asking for help, and an empnasis on moral values. For sex behavior, they focus on abstinence, the co-responsibility of sex behavior, the sexual response of the human, and sexual nightmares. For the sex health area, the focus is contraception with abortion and reproductive health following that. In society and culture diversity is considered. 4. An analysis of the differences in production and content between 1980s and 1990s was also done. For materials produced in the 1980s the frequency of the subjects follows this order: sex behavior, human development, relation ships, sex health, personal technique, and society and culture with sub subjects such as abstinence, dating, adolescence, anatomic physiology, reproduction, calls for help, and the sexual response of a human being. For materials produced in the 1990s, highest frequency was sex behavior, the same as the 1980s. The rest of the material follows this decreasing order: relationships, human development, sex health, society and culture, and personal technique with sub subjects such as dating, co-resposibility in sex behavior, abstinence, and love frequently considered.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.12-24
• /
• 2017

This paper analyzed the representation of migrants in television with the example of KBS's My Neighbor, Charles. This primetime TV show with consistent popularity has showcased different types of migrants from other Korean television shows in terms of gender and race, and, partly the difference brought popularity to it. This study finds the major reason of the difference from changed migration patterns in Korea. Until recently, the main population of immigrants in Korea was composed of female brides and workers, but it became diversified to include male and the West migrants. This triggered the changes in media representation, but not thoroughly. Though the faces of migrant protagonists have been diversified, the remaining ideology of nation-centric that has been the main frame to regard migrants as someone to be integrated through traditional values persists. This study finds a few conflicts between the traditional and the change. For example, represented realities of migrants are extends to include their activities in public domain, disputes of multicultural society such as social differentiation and bias, and the criticism of Korean traditional culture. In a gender perspective, while all the marriages represented showed different kinds of vulnerability, discourses of traditional familialism were also clearly presented through different tools of representation. This study aims at contributing existing studies of media representations of migrants with a more complicated pictures in the context of social changes and migration population changes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.103-112
• /
• 2014

With the development of the society, people's thought and the way of life is changing. The change of the traditional values and marriage lead to the increase of the "singles" groups in modern society. The "singles" group's behaviors, living environment, and consumption have become a social focus. With the emergence of the "singles", traditional furniture already can't meet the demand, so personalized furniture should be developed for the "singles". This study based on background and consumption psychology of the "singles", analyzed the consumption characteristics and preferences of the "singles". It studied the furniture demand of the "singles", and analyzed the existing unmarried person's residential form, types and characteristics of the furniture, and also analyzed the existing furniture using by the "singles" with SWOT, made a more systematic study for finding the advantages and disadvantages of existing the "singles" group's furniture. Then, combined with the unmarried person's furniture needs, living forms, the advantages and disadvantages of the "singles" furniture, etc., made the multi-functional furniture design concept for the "singles". This concept as a design direction, which would make out more suitable furniture be in keeping with the "singles" group's characteristics and requirements. Finally through the concept of multi-functional and folding raise the utilization ratio of narrow space of the living environment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.89-116
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study was to describe mother -infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breast feed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individuaily at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid -wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city, The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were taperecorded and then recorded in narrative form. Mother - infant interaction behaviors in early feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother -infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother - infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother - infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother - infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi -square test, there were statistically significant relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities. Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series. On the other hand, it was seen that infant reacted independently to his mother's behavior by the in-nate perceptual abilities. Those independent behavioral series of mother and infant on the feeding situation were synchronized at any moment. Nurses are In a unique position to teach mothers about their infant's capabilities and help reducing some of uncertainty about infant's behaviors. Study results indicated that the informations infant's social capabilities and breast feeding should be given to the mothers. The results of this study have several implications for nursing. First, the study results will be used as fundamental resources for the development of the assessment tool about the early mother - infant interaction. Second, the results could be a relevant information in the fied. I of maternal child nursing education as real and useful data. Third, the behavioral patterns of early mother - infant interaction which were classified based on the qualitative analysis could be used for nursing theory development as very fundamental data.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.309-322
• /
• 2003

Purpose: This study was carried out to show the parental child-rearing attitudes perceived by daughters(woman college students), who were in the process of pursuit of resonable values, ethics and preparing for marriage and settling down, and another purposes were to help them to have positive attitudes toward their child-rearing in the future and set up preliminary parenting education program. Method: The subjects were 120 woman college students who were freshmen to junior in one university in Seoul. Using the self-report questionnaire, data were collected from December in 1999 to March in 2000. The contents which subjects wrote down were categorized by content analysis method. Result: 1) The age range of subjects were 19-25 years old and main rearer was mother(85.84％). 2) The perception of parent's child-rearing by subjects were revealed 555 statements and then tied together 50 themes: 'emphasizing on studying hard'(8.3％), 'doing by oneself'(5.6％), 'sternness'(5.2％), 'respect of personality'(4.5％), 'eagerness'(4.0％), 'humanity education'(4.0％), 'moderating in daily living'(4.0％), 'propriety education'(3.8％), 'sacrificing for children'(3.6％), 'expectation'(3.2％), 'concerning'(3.1％), 'parent-centered'(3.1％), 'giving a free hand'(2.9％), 'sharing with'(2.9％), 'consideration'(2.7％), 'over-protectiveness'(2.3％), 'hostile attitude' (2.2％), 'corporal punishment'(2.2％), 'expression of parental love'(2.0％), 'encouragement'(1.8％), 'family-centered' (1.8％), 'treating fairly'(1.6％), 'offering live experiences'(1.6％), 'exacting obedience'(1.62％), 'exemplary parental role' (1.6％), 'sexual discrimination'(1.6％), 'cooperation'(1.4％), 'giving favors'(1.4％), 'indifference'(1.4％), 'understanding' (1.3％), 'confidence'(1.3％), 'intimacy'(1.3％), 'pursuit of health'(1.3％), 'warm-hearted'(1.1％), 'stinginess'(1.1％),'broad-mindedness'(0.7％), 'granting'(0.7％), 'interfering'(0.7％), 'reproach'(0.7％), 'distinction of sex in household affairs'(0.7％), 'help'(0.5％), 'preparing for the future'(0.5％), 'disregarding'(0.5％), 'making environment'(0.4％), 'bringing up a child personally' (0.4％), 'comparing'(0.4％), 'religious life'(0.4％), 'good deed'(0.4％), invasion of privacy' (0.2％), 'controlling desire'(0.2％). 3) 50 themes were categorized by 18 categories once more: 'control' (13.2％), 'crazy for education'(12.3％), 'endeavoring'(8.6％), 'autonomy'(8.5％), 'home education'(7.7％), 'esteem' (6.67％), 'support'(6.67％), 'pursuit of healthy daily life'(5.6％), 'earnestness'(5.4％), 'disregarding personality'(5.4％), 'emotional bonding'(3.2％), 'imposing a burden'(3.2％). 'inhospitality'(3.1％), 'acceptance'(5％), 'discrimination'(2.3％), 'mature parenthood'(1.8％), 'strengthening family tie'(1.8％), 'psychological intimacy'(1.1％). 4) On the basis of this study, 3/5 of subjects(61.2％) perceived their parents had mature and autonomous child-rearing attitudes, and on the other hand 2/5(39.5％) of them perceived controlling, just forcing to work harder and personally disregarding attitudes. Conclusion: So we need to offer them nursing implementation such as preliminary parenting education program and parenting consulting like to strengthen positive perception and help improving in realistic, developmental child-rearing attitudes.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.155-170
• /
• 1991

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of demographic-socialogical variables.(ie. educational level, duration of marriage, mate selection type, monthly income, number of children and the frequencies of family's jonit-leisure-activity) and efficiency of the interspous communication on marital satisfaction over the family life cycle. The subject were 278 husbands and wives living in Seoul area who had the eldest child attending at elementary school, middle school , high school and university , respectively. The families were categorized to Duvall's family life cycle. Before the main study was conducted from SEP. 27 to OCT. 8. 1990. a pre-test was conducted on 52 subjects form SEP. 20 to SEP.23.1990. The values of Chronbach's α were obtained on the efficiency of the interspouse communication (α =0.885) and marital satisfaction (α=0.939). Data analysis was by Chronbach's α, ANOVA. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. Path Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results were as follows; 1) Marital Satisfaction was positively related (1) to demographic-socialogical variables; educational level , monthly income, the frequencies of family's joint-leisure-activity (2) the efficiency of the interspouse communication. 2) Efficiency of the interspouse communication was positively related to the frequencies o family's joint-leisure-activity. 3) The relative importance of independent variables on marital satisfaction over the family life cycle was found to be varied in each stage of life cycle. (1) As for the group who had elementary-school-aged children; efficiency of the interspouse communication (β=0.717.p<.001), joint-leisure-activity frequency (β =0.303.p<.001), monthly income(β=0.202.p<.001), mate selection type(β=0.180.p<.05), (2) As for the group who had middle-school-aged children; efficiency of the interspouse communication (β=0.702.p<.001), (3)As for the group who had high school-aged children; efficiency of the interspouse communication (β=0.488.p<.001), joint-leisure-activity frequency (β=0.368.p<.001), (4)the group who had university-aged children; efficiency of the interspouse communication.(β=0.729.p<.001), monthly income (β=0.164.p<.01). The regression model showed that 55 percent of the marital satisfaction could be account for by demographic-socialogical variables and efficiency of the interspouse communication (R2=0.551)

• Survey Research
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.63-85
• /
• 2010

This study defines the substance and multi-dimension of emotional reactions which Koreans have toward foreigners to find the starting point of change in values which is an inevitable task in this multi-cultural society. The results indicate that the Bogardus scale which has been used to measure the social distance toward the minority race is found to have limitations in explaining the closed attitude of Koreans toward 'nation' and 'kinship through marriage'. To supplement such limitations, exploration on attitudes toward foreigners from different native places is performed based on the 'evaluation', 'power' and 'activity' dimensions of the Affective Control Theory. As a result, Americans are highly evaluated in all three dimensions while Japanese are evaluated low in the 'evaluation' dimension and high in the 'power' and 'activity' dimensions. North Korean defectors and ethnic Koreans from China (the Chosun race) are high in evaluation but low in other dimensions. West Asians are evaluated low in all three dimensions. By comprehending the influencing factors and the relative influence of social distance, it proves that the 'evaluation' dimension is the common denominator in all groups while 'power' dimension toward Japanese and 'activity' dimensions toward Chinese and West Asians influence social distance. All foreigners excluding Americans receive closer social distance when having higher education level. Moreover, American women and older North Korean defectors receive closer social distance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.575-586
• /
• 2019

In order to find out perception of group home for the people with disabilities worker on sexual behavior of adults with developmental disabilities in a holistic way, This study conducted in-depth interviews with six research participants using Giorgi's phenomenological study method to understand the meaning of perception of sexual behavior of adults with developmental disabilities. According to data analysis, these experiences appeared as two thematic themes: 'sexual trouble behavior' and 'perception of sexuality'. Two sub-themes of 'Excessive expression of sexual desire', 'Improper sexual behavior that can lead to sexual offenses' were derived from the essence theme of 'sexually problematic behavior' and 'perception of sexuality' were derived from the essence theme of 'lack of suitable solution', 'conditions that are not enough to have sex appeal', 'frustrated sexuality', 'some dilemma problem', 'sexuality that is not different from non-disabled', and 'love and sex are ok, pregnancy and marriage are no'. Based on this, group home caregivers contribute to their role as the main agents who reinforce and reproduce the sexual norms of adults with intellectual disabilities, while at the same time they experience confusion in their values about sexual norms of people with intellectual disabilities. Based on the results, We discusses the major intervention plan for education programs to enhance the competences of group home caregivers in order to form a holistic perspective of group home caregivers in sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, and provide rational solutions.