• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find an optimal combination rate of castor meal for the good qualitative compost and to estimate the humification grade by physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity test during composting of the mixture with cow manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with cow manure(C), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(CCS-1), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(CCS-2) and 5 : 4 : 1(CCS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting radically increased more than $63.6^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased around $42^{\circ}C$. At the 60 days after the treatment, pH was slowly increased from 7.0 to 8.0, and the C/N ratio was 12.3~13.8 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value was caused by the castor meal with high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7%). G.I.(germination index) showed in the range of 77.5 to 82.6 in all treatments. Among all treatments CCS-1 was appeared to be the best condition for composting. Therefore, the combination rate of castor meal which was used for compost humification improvement could be recommended 10% to manufacture the good qualitative cow manure compost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 1992

An the livestock production in Japan is industrialized, a tremendous amount of animal wastes is being produced annually, resulting in serious environmental pollution problems. Animal wastes could be pollutants, but they are also important sources of fertilizer nutrients and organic matter. Composting is an effective way of promoting the increased utilization of animal wastes. The characterization of maturing process during composting is important in order to improve the composting technology and to develop and efficient method to estimate the degree of maturity. The rise and fall in temperature, and changes in the constituents of the compost, reflect the maturing process and may serve as indicators for maturation. In addition, the detection of nitrate by diphenylamine, the determination of cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and the germination test, are also recommended as the methods of estimating the degree of maturity. The heavy applications of animal manure and compost may cause an adverse effect on soils and crops. When excess manure is applied, the nitrogen will be accumulated in soil, resulting in accumulation of nitrate in crops and pollution of the groundwater. Guidelines for application rates are recommended, to maintain soil productivity and quality of crops, and to prevent the environmental pollution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Objective: Along with increasing livestock products via intensive rearing, the accumulation of livestock manure has become a serious issue due to the fact that there is finite land for livestock manure recycling via composting. The nutrients from livestock manure accumulate on agricultural land and the excess disembogues into streams causing eutrophication. In order to systematically manage nutrient loading on agricultural land, quantifying the amount of nutrients according to their respective sources is very important. However, there is a lack of research concerning nutrient loss from livestock manure during composting or storage on farms. Therefore, in the present study we quantified the nutrients from dairy cattle manure that were imparted onto agricultural land. Methods: Through investigation of 41 dairy farms, weight reduction and volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) changes of dairy cattle manure during the storage and composting periods were analyzed. In order to support the direct investigation and survey on site, the three cases of weight reduction during the storing and composting periods were developed according to i) experiment, ii) reference, and iii) theoretical changes in phosphorus content (${\Delta}P=0$). Results: The data revealed the nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) of VS, TN, and TP on agricultural land were 1.48, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. These values indicated that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus was 40% and 34%, respectively, and that there was an increase of VS since bedding materials were mixed with excretion in the barn. Conclusion: As result of nutrient-footprint analyses, the amounts of TN and TP particularly entered on arable land have been overestimated if applying the nutrient amount in fresh manure. The NLCs obtained in this study may assist in the development of a database to assess the accurate level of manure nutrient loading on soil and facilitate systematic nutrient management.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the humificating grade according to experiment of physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity during composting of using with pig manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with pig manure(P), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(PCS-I), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(PCS-II) and 5 : 4 : 1(PCS-III) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting were rapidly increased more than $68^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased within $39^{\circ}C$ at 60 days the after treatment. pH was slowly increased from 7.5 to 7.7, and the C/N ratio was 13~14 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value in this compost was caused by the castor meal contented high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7 %). G.I.(germination index) was showed 73 to 78 range in all treatments at the $60^{th}$ day. Among all treatments PCS-I was appeared to be the best condition for composting.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of temperature, moisture content, weight and chemical properties in swine manure during the maturing process and moisture content of swine manure. The manure production on the early time(1 days), middle(25 days: and late(50 days) were made by moisture 45%, 55%, 65%, 75% in swine manure, according to manure treatment of the early time, the highest temperature of swine manure treatment was 59$^{\circ}C$ as moisture 75% after mixed 24 hours, the lowest 45% in mixed 25 days(middle time), 32$^{\circ}C$ as moisture 45% in mixed 50 days(late time). 2. Weight change during maturing manure, the most treatment of weight decrease was 17.4% as moisture 45%, the least of those was 12.2% as moisture 75% during maturing process of swine manure. 3. Volume change during maturing manure, the most treatment of volume decrease was 37.1% as moisture 65%, the least of those was 32.1% as moisture 55% during maturing swine manure, but not big difference between treatment. 4. T-N, P2O5, K2O content of compost were increased during maturing process, On the contrary, T-C content and C/N ratio were reduced.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2014

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of five different waste combinations (C/N 15, C/N 20, C/N 25, C/N 30, and control) of sewage sludge coupled with sawdust and cattle manure in a pilot scale rotary drum reactor, during 20 days of the composting process. Our results showed that C/N 30 possesses a higher temperature regime with higher % reduction in moisture content, total organic carbon, soluble biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand; and higher % gain in total nitrogen and phosphorus at the end of the composting period implying the total amount of biodegradable organic material is stabilized. In addition, $CO_2$ evolution and oxygen uptake rate decreased during the process, reflecting the stable behavior of the final compost. A Solvita maturity index of 8 indicated that the compost was stable and ready for usage as a soil conditioner. The results indicated that composting can be an alternate technology for the management of sewage sludge disposal.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of $100L/m^3$(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of $150L/m^3$(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40cm from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the change of heating value of cow manure by applying pre-treatment process. Three types of treatment precess; Composting, Dry anaerobic digestion and Physical compression were applied as a pre-treatment method. Composting and anaerobic digestion of cow manure were cause of caloric value reduction of the cow manure. The heating value of cured compost was 5% lower than that of initial composting material. The heating value of dry anaerobic digestion residue was 25.7% lower than that of fresh cow manure. By physical compression of cow manure, heating value and VS/TS ratio (Volatile solids/Total solids ratio) of compressed cow manure were higher than that of fresh cow manure. On the other hand, heating value and VS/TS ratio of leachate generated by compression process were lower than those of fresh cow manure.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compost the mixture of Pig manure, gypsum and fly ash. Initial moisture contents of sample A (Pig manure : saw dust = 6 : 4) and C (Pig manure : saw dust : gypsum : coal fly ash= 6 : 2 : 1 : 1) in the reactor were 64 and 50%. Also temperature and pH of samples in the reactor was nearly the same. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentration of sample A and C were about 5500, 2900 mg/kg respectively. This sample was needed a lot of time to mature as viewing cation exchange capacity (CEC) after experiment was over. However added with gypsum and coal fly ash in Process of Pig manure composting Process was suggested that gypsum and coal fly ash have a roles of additive agent.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 1998

Hog manure slurry amended with sawdust was composted in pilot-scale reactor vessels using continuous aeration nuder different C/N ratios and pH conditions during composting high rate (decomposition) process. For each material two replicated piles were built and monitored over a period of three weeks. The compost piles had an initial volume of 0.18 ㎥. In this study we evaluated the temperature in compost O2 and CO2 evolution, aeration rate, NH3 concentration etc. and investigated the stability of compost during composting high rate process. According to measured results, while the maximum NH3 concentration during composting high rate process. According to measured results, while the maximum NH3 concentration during composting high rate was in the range of 213 to 412 ppm on 5th day which was near the optimum C/N(22∼24) and pH(7.5∼7.9). And then, the NH3 concentration reduced to between 22∼26 ppm by 13th day. The maximum NH3 concentration for the lower C/N(18∼19) and pH value of 6 reached 574∼1,063 ppm by the 16th through 11th days and the NH3 concentration during continuous aerated composting high rate process, it was more important to manage NH3 gas so that compost odor is reduced.