• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 1998

퇴비화 과정 중 암모니아 발생을 억제하기 위한 생물학적 방법으로서 고온성 암모니아 내성균인 TAT112, TAT117, TAT119균주의 배양액을 첨가하여 돈분의 퇴비화를 실시하면서 암모니아 발생과 미생물의 밀도변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대조구를 비롯한 모든 처리구의 퇴비화는 전형적인 퇴비화 과정에서 나타나는 결과와 일치하였으며 퇴비화 과정중 포집된 응결수와 6N 황산의 질소함량는 무첨가구인 대조구가 2.72g인데 반하여 TAT112 첨가구는 1.90g으로 낮았으나 다른 첨가구는 높았다. 또한 1일 1회 측정한 배출되는 암모니아 가스의 농도는 고온을 유지하는 동안에는 고온성 암모니아 내성균을 첨가한 처리구가 대조구보다 낮았으나 온도가 내려가는 시기에 TAT112처리구를 제외한 첨가구는 대조구의 최고 기록보다 높은 농도를 기록하였다. 초기, 뒤집은 시기, 말기의 미생물 밀도를 조사한 결과 고온성 암모니아 내성균의 밀도는 균주 첨가구 모두가 대조구에 비해 모든 기간에 걸쳐 높은 밀도를 유지하였다. 반면 고온성 세균의 밀도는 초기 대조구가 다른 처리구에 비해 현저히 낮았으나 뒤집은 시기, 말기에는 다른 처리구와 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다. 한편, 중온성 암모니아 내성균의 밀도는 초기에 모든 처리구가 동일하였으나 뒤집은 시기에는 대조구와 TAT112 첨가구가 TAT 117 첨가구와 TAT119 첨가구 보다 약 10배 정도 높게 관찰되었고 말기에는 다시 모든 처리에서 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.402-411
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aims to assess the concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide according to task unit area at swine farms. Methods: A total of six swine farms were selected for this study. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were monitored using a real-time multi-gas monitor which could sample the gases simultaneously. The sampling was done in the pig building, manure storage facility and composting facility of each farm. Results: The concentration of ammonia in the pig buildings(GM 22.6 ppm, GSD 2.3) was significantly higher(p<0.0001) than in the manure storage facilities(GM 10.4 ppm, GSD 2.7) and composting facilities(GM 8.6 ppm, GSD 2.8). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the manure storage facilities(GM 9.8 ppm, GSD 3.2) was higher(p<0.0001) than in the pig buildings(GM 2.3 ppm, GSD 2.3) and composting facilities(GM 1.9 ppm, GSD 2.5). In particular, the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the confined manure storage facilities were higher than those in open-type facilities and the peak concentration(98 ppm) in the confined facilities was approximate to 100 ppm, at the value of Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health(IDLH). Conclusions: Suffocation accidents caused by hazardous gases at a swine farm have occurred annually. Real-time monitoring of the hazards should be done in order to protect farm workers and livestock from the sudden accidents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1045-1054
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• 2012

The phylogenetic diversity of the bacteria in hot composting samples collected from three spatial locations was investigated by molecular tools in order to determine the influence of gradient effect on bacterial communities during the thermophilic phase of composting swine manure with rice straw. Total microbial DNA was extracted and bacterial near full-length 16S rRNA genes were subsequently amplified, cloned, restriction fragment length polymorphism-screened and sequenced. The superstratum sample had the highest microbial diversity among the three samples which was possibly related to the surrounding conditions of the sample resulting from the location. The results showed that the sequences related to Bacillus sp. were most common in the composts. In superstratum sample, 45 clones (33%) and 36 clones (27%) were affiliated with the Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp., respectively; 74 clones (58%) were affiliated with the Clostridium sp. in the middle-level sample; 52 clones (40%) and 29 clones (23%) were affiliated with the Clostridium sp. and Bacillus sp. in substrate sample, respectively. It indicated that the microbial diversity and community in the samples were different for each sampling site, and different locations of the same pile often contained distinct and different microbial communities.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.509-514
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• 1999

The sewage sludges and livestock manures, respectively, were composted with sawdust used for control moisture in the static piles system composter. The variations of temperature, pH, moisture, C/N ratio, inorganic content, forms of organic materials and nitrogen, and contents of heavy metals were investigated. The results were summarized as follows ; The temperature for composting the sewage sludges reached the highest temperature of 52$^{\circ}C$, after 3 days and lasted for 7 days, and then went down 3$0^{\circ}C$ after 52 days. In the case of composting livestock manures, the temperature reached to 63$^{\circ}C$ after 10 days, that lasted for 10 days, and then went down gradually. After upsetting the sewage sludges and livestock manures for composting were decreased to 30% and 36%, respectively. The contents of inorganic matters and heavy metals were changed by the characteristics of raw materials but increased gradually during composting process. The total contents of organic materials in the sewage sludges and livestock manures for composting were decreased to 7% and 9%, respectively. The contents of ether extracts, resins, hemicellulose and cellulose were decreased but those of water soluble polysaccharides and lignins were not changed. The total contents of nitrogen in sewage sludges and livestock manures were decreased to 43% and 34%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.597-603
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• 1999

Even though the development of livestock industry in Asia and Australasia has brought the economic growth and thus elevated the living standard in these areas, it has also brought the pollution caused by the increasing amount of animal wastes. Among them, Japan probably is the first country that suffered from the animal waste pollution as early as in 1970s. Nowadays, the animal waste pollution has been a common problem for almost every countries in this region. To solve it, different measures and regulations have been implemented in many countries. In this paper, different methods for animal waste disposal are discussed, including: manure-bed animal housing, composting, anaerobic treatment, odor control, utilization of biogas, aerobic treatment, three-step process, N and P removal, land application, cultivation of algae, anaerobic treatment of dead animals. It is hoped that an animal industry without pollution can be achieved in the future.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2000

우분에 사과박을 혼합해 만든 퇴비화에서의 세균군집 특히, 질화세균의 천이를 rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes을 사용하는 FISH(fluorescent in situ hybridization)법으로 규명하였다. 암모니아산화 세균수는 $3,3{\sim}13.4{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw의 범위에서 변화하였으며 퇴비화 26일 후에 그 최고치를 나타냈다. 반면에 아질산 산화세균은 $6.0{\sim}17.2{\times}10^6cells/g$ dw의 범위에서 변화하면서 퇴비화 7일 후에 그 최고치를 보였다. 암모니아산화세균수가 아질산산화세균수 보다 크게 나타나는 경향과 최고치를 나타내는 시점이 이들 세균군의 진정세균에 대한 비율을 측정했을 때에도 동일하였다. 암모니아산화 세균수가 아질산산화세균수보다 늦게 늦게 그 최고치를 나타내는 것은 휘발성의 암모니아가스가 퇴비화과정 초기에 고갈되었기 때문일 가능성이 크다. 아울러 본 연구결과는 FISH법이 생장이 더딘 질화세균의 검출에 유용한 도구임을 시사해 준다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2001년도 하계 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.281-286
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• 2001

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권
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• pp.61-67
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• 2000

Composting of hog manure amended with sawdust trials lasted three weeks and used pilot-scale in bin composting system. Results showed that the rise temperature and carbon dioxide evolution in compost during the composting decomposition process were affected by the aeration method, pH, C/N, moisture content, bulk density and particle size distribution. No significant differences existed in biophysical properties of the composit produced from the continuous and intermittent aeration method. The intermittent aeration was very successful in compost odor control and required less time to reach stability than the continuous aeration.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Odor generated during composting of livestock manure is mainly due to ammonia emission. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of using fresh compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and recycled compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the fresh compost. Residence time was controlled by the flow rate of exhaust gas and the depth of filtering materials. At the aeration rate of 30 L/min(experiment I), ammonia reduction rate varied from 100% to -15% for biofilter A(residence time 56.5 s) and almost 100% for biofilter B(residence time 113 s). At the aeration rate of 30 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 80.5% for biofilter A and 99.9% for biofilter B. At the aeration rate of 50 L/min(experiment II), the lowest reduction rate showed a negative value of -350% on the 8th and 9th day for biofilter A(residence time 33.9 5), and 50% on the loth day for biofilter B(residence time 67.8s). At the aeration rate of 50 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 82.5% fur biofilter A and 97.4% for biofilter B. Filtering efficiency was influenced by residence time. The moisture content(MC) and total nitrogen(T-N) of the filtering material were increased by absorbing moisture and ammonia included in the exhaust gas, while pH was decreased and total carbon(T-C) remained unchanged during the filtering operation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2010

A series of experiments were performed to study the influence of the following parameters on the physical traits and composition of swine manure compost: (1) addition of magnesium (Mg) at a molar ratio of 1.2 with respect to $PO_4$, and (2) reutilization of compost containing $MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). Three independent batch tests were conducted for replication: batch test I-control (C) and Mg added (T), batch test II-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R1}$), and batch test III-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R2}$). Magnesium addition and compost reutilization had no adverse effect on the degradation of organic matter. Reuse of the compost, however, had a clear effect on the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the final compost. Repeated compost reutilization as a bulking material was resulted in composts rich in N and P. Upon adding the Mg supplement to the composting materials, the ortho-phosphate (OP) to TP ratio decreased due to the MAP crystallization reaction. The decrease in the OP/TP ratio and the increase in the TP content of the compost indicate that water-soluble phosphate is converted into a slow-release phosphate by the formation of crystals during composting. X-ray diffraction analysis of the irregular shaped crystals in the compost indicated that they are MAP crystals and that the crystallization of MAP begins immediately after the addition of the Mg supplement. The Mg addition to composting materials and the reutilization of compost as a bulking material would be a practical means to conserve nutrient content.