• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2018

Objectives: All enterprises intending to install and operate hazardous chemical handling facilities should prepare an off-site risk assessment (ORA) report that evaluates the impact of potential chemical accidents on the surrounding environment and population. This study was conducted to introduce the process of development and the functioning of the Korea Off-site Risk Assessment support tool (KORA) developed by the National Institute of Chemical Safety and to suggest manners to increase its utilization. Additionally, this article provided an overview of KORA. Methods: In order to identify problems with and refinements for KORA, the required items for each phase of KORA were derived by analyzing the Chemical Control Act and related administrative regulations. Results: The functions of KORA made receptor-considered assessment of chemical accidents possible, but several limitations were found in particular phases, such as the analysis of impact range, consideration of sensitive receptors, and assessment of environmental receptors. Conclusion: In this study, we suggested manners to increase the utilization of KORA. It is anticipated that the further research suggested in the study could contribute to the stabilization of the KORA system.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher's perceptions about the nutrition education of elementary schools. A total of 226 elementary school teachers within Changwon and Milyang city participated in this study. The results of this study were as follows. 90.8% of the teachers responded that nutrition education is necessaty in the elementary schools, and positive responses in the Milyang urban area were higher than that of the Changwon rural area(p＜0.001). The main reason for the necessity of nutrition education was for proper growth and good table manners and the Milyang urban city was significantly higher than three other classes in ‘for proper growth’(p＜0.05). The starting period for nutrition education was supported by 72.1% of the teachers as beging when the children are in kindergarten, proving that this early nutrition education is supported. Especially in the Changwon urban support was higher than in the three other classes(p＜0.01). The perceptions about a suitable person to teach nutrition indicated parents(39.6%), dietitions(35.5%), class teachers(24.9%), and the beliefs about nutrition specialists or dietitions was very low. 53.6% of the teachers responded that they would not teach nutrition education themselves and the main reason for this was that believed the teacher's work would be too hard(32.0%), lack of nutrition knowledge(29.4%), and that such courses should be taught courses by specialists(29.4%). However, 51.6% of the teachers disagreed with having a separate course for nutrition education. Proper eating habits(62.7%) and growth and nutrition(28.6%) were the main categories within nutrition education. The teacher recognized that elementary students' nutrition problem is to eat too much processed and instant foods(39.1%), deviated foods(36.9%), and lack of table manners(19.4%). The most effect method was to link the subject matter with the parents(38.7%), use of audio visuals and education materials(28.3%), and need of nutrition education teachers(10.1%) was low.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary behavior and the nutrient intake status in the youth of rural areas, based on their personal characters such as their sex, age, family type, number of family members, mother's age, occupation, and school career. This study was made by use of a self-administrated questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for 5days as an instrument with 439 randomly selected students. Statistical methods applied to analyze the data were frequency, percent, Willcoxon Rank-sum test, Kruskal-wallis test, x2-test by contingence table, and Spearman's correlation coefficient in non parametric statistical cases. Some of the interesting results are as follows : 1) The correlation between sex and breakfast is highly significant. That is, over 80% of male students had breakfast every day, whereas only about 60% of female students had breakfast every day. Bad table manners and some other problems are insignificant with respect to the personal characters in the relations between the personal characters and eating behaviors. However, the regularity of every meal, the frequency of having meals with other family members, and the frequency of meals eaten out and snacks show significant differences. 2) The mother's occupation does not have any influence on the nutrient intake of their students when the relationship between personal characters and nutrient intake was analysed. On the other hand sex, the mother's school career, the numbers of family members, the type of family, and the income of the family showed significant differences nutrient intakes. 3) The regularity and the frequency of having meals, meals eaten out with their family members, and the table manners during meals showed significant differences in the intake of nutrient elements such as calorie, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C. However some consideration during meals and problems in eating habit are insignificant with regard to nutrient intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to provide useful information for establishing desirable table manner culture by investigating the perception, practice of traditional basic table manner. The subjects were consisted of 1,261 participants(618 males and 643 females) in Daegu and Kyungpook. The recognition, practice of traditional basic table manner were measured on the five-point Likert scale. The results were summarized as follows: The overall recognition score on ordinary table manner was 3.74 points, and of methods and kinds of dinner services was 2.99 points. The education score on table manner of parents for sons and daughters was 3.66 points, and the necessity score of table manner was 3.92 points. The scolding score of adults for table manner was 2.79 points, and cooking score of side dishes for adult was 3.25 points. In result of analyzing difference between perception and performance of traditional table manner, perception is much higher than performance. Respondents consider that the most perceptional and performant traditional table manner item is 'eating foods inside mouth by not seeing and rushing out'. Meanwhile, 'eating and taking some foods from a main dish' was the lowest perception and performance. The total recognition score on traditional table manner was 77.78 points, and the total practice score on traditional table manner was 71.72 points.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-123
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the participation and perception on meal management of the junior and high school students and their fathers. Total of 446 junior and high school students in Pohang and Youngduk in Gyeongbuk were participated in the questionnaire survey. Among the 446 questionnaires collected, 385 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. Students participation frequency on meal management was quite insufficient, once or twice a month in average, and was differed by sex that female students participate more frequently than males. High school male students who have never been taught the home economics course showed the lowest participation. 2. Among the meal planning, grocery shopping, cooking, and dishwashing, 60% of the students chose cooking as the most preferred work. As whole, they chose the meal planning as the most difficult work, but high school male students chose cooking as the most difficult work. 3. Most of the students wanted to learn more about food purchasing, meal planning, cooking skill, table setting, food storage and table manners, the priority was given to table manners and cooking skill. 4. Participation score on meal management of student’fathers was even lower than that of students, only a little more often than once or twice a year. Because son usually identifies himself with his father, father should participate more often than now. 5. As for responsibility of meal management in the future, 78.2% of the male students and 91.8% female students answered that husband and wife must share the responsibility together when both husband and wife have jobs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 2014

This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.5 kGy) on the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory qualities of imported oranges during storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Total aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold counts in non-irradiated oranges increase significantly with increasing storage time. Irradiation has effects on the reduction of microorganism of dose-dependent oranges. The vitamin C contents decrease significantly according to dose-dependent manners and storage times after the gamma irradiation. Sensory evaluation decreases according to dose-ependent manners and storage times, excluding the color. The results suggest that gamma irradiation is effective for ensuring the microbiological safety, but the irradiated oranges more than 1 kGy are not good for physicochemical and sensory qualities. Therefore, irradiated samples of 0.4~0.6 kGy are considered as the optimum-dose for maintaining quality.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1238-1244
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• 2004

The suppressive effects of Platycodi Radix (Changkil: CK), the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), on the progress of acute carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$-induced hepatic fibrosis were investigated in the rat. CK significantly suppressed $(CCl_4)$-induced hepatic necrosis and inflammation, as determined by the serum enzymatic activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ levels, in dose-dependent manners. In addition, the increased hepatic fibrosis after acute $(CCl_4)$ treatment was suppressed by the administration of CK. CK also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic ${\alpha}$ 1(I) procollagen (type I collagen) mRNA and ${\alpha}$ -smooth muscle actin (${\alpha}$ -SMA) expressions in the liver of $(CCl_4)$-intoxicated rats and also suppressed the induction of ${\alpha}$ -SMA and type I collagen in cultured hepatic stellate cells, in dose-dependent manners. These results suggest that the suppressive effects of CK against the progress of acute $(CCl_4)$-induced hepatic fibrosis possibly involve mechanisms related to its ability to block both hepatic inflammation and the activation of hepatic stellate cells.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate food service management system and nutrition education of the early childhood education institute in Yongdungpo, Seoul. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 26 public early childhood education institute and 34 private ones. A majority of the teachers were women over 40 with at least bachelor's degree. Other than the fact that food service provides food to the children, it contributed in providing the essential nutrients to the children, as well as giving them the opportunity to learn table manners. A normal food service would provide one set of lunch and two sets of snacks, which would be provided by the institute itself. In most cases, the director or teachers planned the menus instead of dietitians. Journals, cookbooks, and other information put out by mass communication, such as TV and newspapers, were used as reference to those menus. The factors considered in planning the menus were mainly nutritional balance and the children's food preference. The difficulties in meal management were about the budget and nutritional menu planning. Fifty five percent of the subjects were did nutrition education, and they focused mainly on the table manners and hygiene education but once a year. The difficulties and complaints in execution nutrition education at the institutes were lack of nutritional knowledge, personal shortage, and excessive work. The institutes were urgently requesting for menu provisions from local Public Health Clinics. As a recommendation from the results of this study, food service management and nutrition related subjects should be more enforced into the nursery teacher training curriculum. Also, it is necessary to provide nutrition education to teachers, and as a link, the need to develop a manual for nutrition education has become urgent.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2012

This study examines the construction method of lime tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty based on reference. This was primarily published as "The Five Manners and Courtesy of the Annals of Sejong" as examples, which were followed by the influence of Koryo's culture in the beginning foundation of Choseon, were organized in the time of Sejong; and later, in the time of Sungjong, "The National Five Manners and Courtes y" was published. Such old reference explains the stone materials and construction method of the royal tomb's pit yet there were not many studies regarding the pit of royal tomb in the Choseon Dynasty. And there exists no historical research or reference study in regard to the pit of royal tomb which is formed as a lime tomb. This is believed to be impossible to excavate the royal tomb since ancestral ritual formalities are still given by the descendants and because of our country's culture of giving ancestral ritual formalities which value formalities and filial duty. However, the current excavation of Guhui Tomb, which was the early burial site, was important since it gives an opportunity to look at the shape and structure of lime tombs in the Choseon Dynasty. Thus, this study, based on the excavation of Guhui Tomb, will look into the construction method of the pit of lime tomb and will examine the structure, shape, construction method, etc. of the lime tomb which was formed after the time of Sejo in a way with reference history. This is an important data to learn the construction method of limb tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty and is believed to have a very important value as historical materials as to understanding the structure of the pit of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty which yet has not been excavated.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.160-177
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• 2002

Wedding ceremony is a most basic and significant rite of religion. Clothing fur the ceremony is also assumed religious in essence. Thus this study focuses on ideas and religious qualities implied in wedding dresses for women in the latter period of Chosen. Among those wedding dresses for women in the public class, in this study, Yeom-Eui(염의), Won-Sam(원삼) in green and Hwal-Ot(활옷) are discussed. Yeom-Eui seemed preferred by only some of the nobel class who still considered manners and customs as very important. The rest people often wore a brilliant Hwal-Ot rather than Yeom-Eui under influences of a loosened social position system and sumptuous moods. Since a wedding is the reflection of social condition and at the same time a religious rite, the above mentioned difference in wedding dresses between the class of scholars obsessed with Confucianism and the rest public seems attributable to differences in values and religious views between the two groups. Of course, Hwal-Ot was also transmitted from the Chinese nation of Tang, so it complied with a contemporary flunkeyism about Chinese culture. Won-Sam and Hwal-Ot were designed with patterns representing the very significance of wedding and those wishing worldly blessings more children and more sons, longevity and wealth and prosperity. The fact that wishes of more children and more sons were more often implied by patterns of wedding dress in the latter Chosen indicates the legitimate oldest son-oriented patriarchical family system at that time influenced to such contemporary dresses. Meanwhile, those patterns used for Won-Sam and Hawl-Ot were influenced mainly by Confucianism, but sometimes based on Buddhism and Taoism. It suggests that the Chosun dynasty emphasized Confucian manners and customs to restore previous values which had been about to be collapsed since wars with the Chinese Ching and Japan, but nevertheless in the public class, Buddhism and Taoism were more deeply prevailed. This was supported by patterns and colors shown in wedding clothing.