• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.26.1-26.9
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• 2016

Objectives Korea's Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemicals (K-REACH) was enacted for the protection of human health and the environment in 2015. Considering that about 2000 new substances are introduced annually across the globe, the extent of animal testing requirement could be overwhelming unless regulators and companies work proactively to institute and enforce global best practices to replace, reduce or refine animal use. In this review, the way to reduce the animal use for K-REACH is discussed. Methods Background of the enforcement of the K-REACH and its details was reviewed along with the papers and regulatory documents regarding the limitation of animal experiments and its alternatives in order to discuss the regulatory adoption of alternative tests. Results Depending on the tonnage of the chemical used, the data required ranges from acute and other short-term studies for a single exposure route to testing via multiple exposure routes and costly, longer-term studies such as a full two-generation reproducibility toxicity. The European Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals regulation provides for mandatory sharing of vertebrate test data to avoid unnecessary duplication of animal use and test costs, and obligation to revise data requirements and test guidelines "as soon as possible" after relevant, validated replacement, reduction or refinement (3R) methods become available. Furthermore, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development actively accepts alternative animal tests and 3R to chemical toxicity tests. Conclusions Alternative tests which are more ethical and efficient than animal experiments should be widely used to assess the toxicity of chemicals for K-REACH registration. The relevant regulatory agencies will have to make efforts to actively adopt and uptake new alternative tests and 3R to K-REACH.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-33
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• 2018

Purpose The purpose of this study is to review topic and survey methodological trends in 'The Journal of Information Systems' in order to present the practical guidelines for the future IS research. By attempting to conduct a meta-analysis on both topic and survey methodological trends, this study could provide researchers wishing to pursue this line of work further with what can be done to improve IS disciplines. Design/methodology/approach In this study, we have reviewed 185 papers that were published in 'The Journal of Information Systems' from 2010 to 2018 and classified them based on topics studied and survey methodologies used. The classification guidelines, which was developed by Palvia et al.(2015), has been used to capture the topic trends. We have also employed Struab et al.(2004)s' guidelines for securing rigor of validation issues. By using two guidelines, this study could also present topic and rigor trends in 'The Journal of Information Systems' and compare them to those trends in International Journals. Findings Our findings have identified dominant research topics in 'The Journal of Information Systems'; 1) social media and social computing, 2) IS usage and adoption, 3) mobile computing, 4) electronic commerce/business, 5) security and privacy, 6) supply chain management, 7) innovation, 8) knowledge management, and 9) IS management and planning. This study also could offer researchers who pursue this line of work further practical guidelines on mandatory (convergent and discriminant validity, reliability, and statistical conclusion validity), highly recommended (common method bias testing), and optional validations (measurement invariance testing for subgroup analysis, bootstrapping methods for testing mediating effects).

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Linking Ukraine's education system with the trends of global digitalization is mandatory to ensure the sustainable, long-term development of the country, as well as to increase the sustainability of the education system and the economy as a whole during the crisis period. Now the main problems of the education system in Ukraine are manifested in a complex context caused by Russian armed aggression. In the context of war, problems include differences in adaptation to online learning among educational institutions, limited access to education for vulnerable groups in the zone of active hostilities, the lack of digital educational resources suitable for online learning, and the lack of basic digital skills and competencies among students and teachers necessary to properly conduct online classes. Some of the problems of online learning were solved in the pandemic, but in the context of war Ukrainian society needs a new vision of education and continuous efforts of all social structures in the public and private environment. In the context of war, concerted action is needed to keep education on track and restore it in active zones, adapting to the needs of a dynamic society and an increasingly digitized economy. Among the urgent needs of the education system are a change in the teaching-learning paradigm, which is based on content presentation, memorization, and reproduction, and the adoption of a new, hybrid educational model that will encourage the development of necessary skills and abilities for students and learners in a digitized society and enable citizens close to war zones to learn.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.125-151
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• 2018

Rapid industrial growth based on massive fossil fuel energy consumption has caused serious damages on natural environment and every aspects of human life. As demands for clean and pleasant living circumstance increases, conflicts and disputes around environmental problems have also been widespread. Given the 'environmental rights' is a relatively new legal concept, however, resolving environmental disputes through the traditional legal principles and litigation procedures could be restrictive and, in some sense. inefficient as well as expensive. With efforts to develop new legal principles on environmental disputes, the environmental dispute adjustment system has been introduced as an alternative dispute resolution to the traditional legal dispute procedures. The Korean Environmental Dispute Resolution Commission introduced as the environmental dispute adjustment system has been well established for the past twenty-seven years, given the steadily increasing numbers of applications to the Commission over environmental disputes. However, as most cases are still small in money terms and mainly subject to adjudication, the effectiveness and practical contribution of the Commission in the resolution of environmental disputes have in fact been limited. For the enhancement of the status and roles of the Commission as the prior instrument of the alternative dispute resolution(ADR) in environmental disputes, several suggestions could be considered as follows: First, mediation needs to be more activated than adjudication in order to meet the primary purpose of ADR that resolves environmental disputes according to free will of concerned parties. Second, the scope of mediation could be expanded to the areas including potential environmental damages. Third, the roles and responsibilities of the Environmental Dispute Resolution Commissions at both central and local levels need to be evenly distributed. Fourth, the mechanism and procedures of environmental dispute resolution should be standardized. Fifth, the status of the Environmental Dispute Resolution Commission could be elevated in rank by shifting its current affiliation from the Ministry of Environment to the Office of Prime Minister. Sixth, the organizational structure and human resources of the Commission need to be reinforced. Seventh, the current situation that tends to give priority to litigation procedures when an environment dispute is simultaneously pending in litigation and mediation should be eased and properly adjusted. Eighth, the adoption of mandatory mediation in advance to litigation needs to be discussed. Ninth, the legal authority of the Commission's decisions should be further guaranteed. If above suggestions are thoroughly reviewed and properly adopted, the roles, authority and power of the Environmental Dispute Resolution Commission would be increased in the era when environmental conflicts get widespread, requiring an effective alternative environmental dispute resolution mechanism.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.577-612
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• 2017

In response to climate change, Korea is attempting to shift the paradigm of energy and climate change policies by introducing carbon pricing based on market mechanisms. While policy adoption is proceeding at a rapid pace, the introduction of carbon pricing has been faced with great opposition from industry. This study measures to what extent Korean companies understand and accept carbon pricing, using data from a questionnaire survey covering energy consuming companies in 2012, when discussions between the government and such companies about the introduction of a domestic emission trading system were active. It further identifies how preparations and practices for carbon and energy management of companies correlate with their policy understanding and acceptance. The analysis results show that the surveyed companies indicate moderate understanding of, as well as resistance to carbon pricing policies, while appreciating the economic incentives and accepting the mandatory regulations in this phase. Companies' understanding is more related to characteristics, i.e., sector, size, etc. than external pressures. This study found that the extent to which companies understand policy is the essential factor in their policy acceptance and related practices. In particular, understanding of carbon policy significantly influences their managerial practices and voluntary activities for carbon and energy practices. This study substantiates the correlation between the level of policy understanding of a company and its carbon and energy practices - something that all countries seeking to introduce carbon pricing in response to climate change should consider prior to policy actually being implemented; in other words, enhancing the understanding of major policy subjects of the new instrument is a key policy strategy that should be elaborated as it will lead to better performance of companies and smoother policy implementation.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.46-66
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• 2018

This research explores the factors affecting infusion of public administrative information systems(IS) and analyzes its impact on work performance. For this purpose, the factors affecting the infusion of IS are classified into voluntary and involuntary motivations based on the self-determination theory that explains individual motivations. As factors for voluntary motivation, performance expectancy, personal innovativeness, and organizational citizenship behavior are proposed, while government influence, competitor influence, and the top-level management influence are proposed as factors for involuntary motivation. The analysis shows the voluntary motivation factors-performance expectancy, personal innovativeness, and organizational citizenship behavior-do affect infusion of IS, whereas the involuntary motivation factors-government influence, competitor influence, and the top-level management influence-have no statistically significant impact on the infusion of IS. The relationship between infusion of IS and work performance is found significant. While individuals are unable to decide on the adoption of IS in an involuntary environment such as in the case of using the public administrative IS, the results show that the factors related to individual autonomy have an important role in extended, active usage of IS beyond the mandatory level.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to present an approach to the "Digital Health Passport" (DHP), which will be the most important in the change of the travel industry among the sudden environmental changes brought about by COVID-19. To this end, this study reviewed a variety of empirical literature on DHP, and proposed a framework for DHP based on literature review. The framework is composed of travel intention, health information provision intention, and new technology acceptance/adoption of tourists. First, in terms of travel intention, providing information to DHP should not undermine the travel intention of the travelers. It should be possible to facilitate the travelers' enjoyment by using the information provided by the traveler. In addition, there is a need to assure that the data provided by travelers is managed in a reliable way. Second, it is necessary to understand why the travelers want to provide additional personal information (information disclosure), rather than seeing healthcare information only in terms of mandatory information provision. Finally, from the perspective of new technology, it is necessary to understand the intention of travelers to use/adopt DHP. The key implication of this work is that it proposed a DHP framework for realizing the travel bubble to predict and respond to foreign travelers' behaviors.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2012

From the end of 1st quarter of 2012, Korean mandatory firms had started releasing financial reports conforming to the K-IFRS(Korean adopted International Financial Reporting Standards). Major characteristics of IFRS, such as 'principles based' features, consolidated reporting, 'fair value' measurement, increased pressure for non-financial disclosures have resulted in brief and various disclosure practices regarding the main body of each statements and vast amount of note description requirements. Meanwhile, a host of previous studies on IFRS disclosures have incorporated regulatory and/or 'compete information' perspectives, mainly focusing on suggesting further enforcement of strengthened requirements and providing guidelines for specific treatments. Thus, as an extension of prior findings and suggestions this study had explored to conduct an integrative approach embracing views of the reporting entities and the users of financial information. In spite of all the state-driven efforts for faithful representation and comparability of corporate financial reports, an overhaul of disclosure practices of fiscal year 2010 and 2011 had revealed numerous cases of insufficiency and discordance in terms of mandatory norms and market expectations. As to the causes of such shortcomings, this study identified several factors from the corporate side and the users of the information; some inherent aspects of IFRS, industry/corporate-specific context, expenditures related to internalizing IFRS system, reduced time frame for presentation. lack of clarity and details to meet the quality of information - understandability, comparability etc. - commonly requested by the user group. In order to improve current disclosure practices, dual approach had been suggested; Firstly, to encourage and facilitate implementation, (1) further segmentation and differentiation of mandates among companies, (2) redefining the scope and depth of note descriptions, (3) diversification and coordination of reporting periods, (4) providing support for equipping disclosure systems and granting incentives for best practices had been discussed. Secondly, as for the hard measures, (5) regularizing active involvement of corporate and user group delegations in the establishment and amendment process of K-IFRS (6) enforcing detailed and standardized disclosure on reporting entities had been recommended.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.53-73
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• 2023

Although it is mandatory to wear a seat belt that can minimize human injury when traffic accident occurs, the number of traffic accident casualties not wearing seat belts still accounts for a significant proportion.The seat belt wearing detection system for all seats is a system that identifies whether all seat passengers wear a seat belt and encourages their usage, also it can be a useful technical countermeasure. Firstly, this study established the viability of system implementation by assessing the factors influencing the severity of injuries in traffic accidents through the development of an ordered probit model. Analysis results showed that the use of seat belts has statistically significant effects on the severity of traffic accidents, reducing the probability of death or serious injury by 0.054 times in the event of a traffic accident. Secondly, a meta-analysis was conducted based on prior research related to seat belts and injuries in traffic accidents to estimate the expected reduction in accident severity upon the implementation of the system.The analysis of the effect of accident severity reduction revealed that wearing seat belts would lead to a 63.3% decrease in fatal accidents, with the front seats showing a reduction of 75.7% and the rear seats showing a reduction of 58.1% in fatal accidents. Lastly, Using the results of the meta-analysis and traffic accident statistics, the expected decrease in the number of traffic accident casualties with the implementation of the system was derived to analyze the traffic safety effects of the proposed detection system. The analysis demonstrated that with an increase in the adoption rate of the system, the number of casualties in accidents where seat belts were not worn decreased. Specifically, at a system adoption rate of 60%, it is anticipated that the number of fatalities would decrease by more than three times compared to the current scenario. Based on the analysis results, operational strategies for the system were proposed to increase seat belt usage rates and reduce accident severity.