토지이용별 전국 농경지 토양물리적 특성 (Soil Physical Properties of Arable Land by Land Use Across the Country)
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- 한국토양비료학회지
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- 제45권3호
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- pp.344-352
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- 2012
시설재배지는 주로 하성평탄지 등 평평한 지형에 분포하며, 밭과 과수원은 곡간 및 선상지, 구릉지 및 산악지, 산록경사지 등 경사지에 분포한다. 논은 곡간 및 선상지, 하성평탄지, 하해혼성평탄지 등 비교적 완만한 경사에 위치한다. 이처럼 토지이용별로 분포하는 지형이 각기 다르기 때문에 토지이용별로 물리성 기준을 설정하고 관리하는 것이 필요하다. 시설재배지는 배수 및 양수분의 수직이동에 유의하여야 하며, 경사지는 침식과 양분유출에 대비하여 관리하여야 한다. 토지이용별로 토양 물리성 평균은 다음과 같다. 시설재배지는 표토심이 16.2 cm, 표토에 대한 물리성은 항목별로 경도 9.0 mm, 용적밀도 1.09 Mg
우리나라 답토양(畓土壤)에 대(對)한 토지(土地)의 합리적(合理的) 이용(利用), 토지기반조성(土地基盤造成) 및 생산성 향상(向上) 그리고 토양(土壤)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)의 방향(方向)을 뒷받침하기 위(爲)하여 김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 답토양(畓土壤)에 대(對)한 형태(形態) 및 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性) 그리고 그와 수도수량(水稻收量)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하고 이를 기초(基礎)로 하여 답토양(沓土壤)의 분류법(分類法)과 적성등급구분(適性等級區分)을 시안(試案)하였는 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 답토양(畓土壤)의 형태(形態), 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性) 및 그와 수도수량(水稻收量)과의 관계(關係) 김제(金堤) 만경평야(萬頃平野)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 15개(個) 답토양통(畓土壤統)에 대(對)하여 이들 토양(土壤)의 형태(形態), 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性)을 보면 다음과 같다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 발달정도(發達程度)를 보면 공덕(孔德), 김제(金堤), 만경(萬頃), 백구(白鷗), 봉남(鳳南), 부용(芙蓉), 수암(水岩), 전북(全北), 지산(芝山) 및 호남통(湖南統)는 B(Cambic B)층(層)이 있고 극락(極樂)과 화동통(華東統)은 Bt(Argillic B)층(層)이 있으나 광활(廣活), 신답(新踏) 및 화계통(華溪統)에는 B층(層) 혹(或)은 Bt층(層)이 없다. 특(特)히 공덕(孔德) 및 봉남통(鳳南統)은 흑니층(黑尼層)이 심토(心土) 하부(下部)에 개재(介在)되여 있다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 토색(土色)을 보면 공덕(孔德), 광활(廣活), 백구(白鷗) 및 신답통(新踏統)은 대체(大體)로 청회색(靑灰色), 암회색(暗灰色)을 띄우고 김제(金堤), 만경(萬頃), 봉남(鳳南), 부용(芙蓉), 수암(水岩), 전북(全北), 지산(芝山) 및 호남통(湖南統)은 회색(灰色), 회갈색(灰褐色)을 띠우며 극락(極樂), 화계(華溪) 및 화동통(華東統)은 표토(表土) 및 표토하부(表土下部)의 회색(灰色)을 제외(除外)하고 황갈색(黃褐色), 갈색(褐色)을 띠운다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 토성(土性)을 보면 공덕(孔德), 극락(極樂), 김제(金堤), 봉남부용(鳳南芙蓉), 호남(湖南) 및 화동통(華東統)은 식질(埴質)이고 백구(白鷗), 전북(全北) 및 지산통(芝山統)은 식양질(埴壤質) 혹은 미사식양질(微砂埴壤質)이며 광활(廣活), 만경(萬頃) 및 수암통(水岩統)은 미사사양질(微砂砂壤質) 그리고 신답(新踏) 및 화계통(華溪統)은 사질(砂質) 혹은 석력사질(石礫砂質)이다. 표토(表土)의 탄소함량(炭素含量)은 0.29%~2.18% 범위(範圍)에 있으나 1.0~2.0%인 것이 많으며 표토(表土)의 전질소함량(全窒素含量)은 0.03%~0.24% 범위(範圍)에 있다. 이들은 심토(心土) 혹은 기층(基層)으로 갈수록 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이나 불규칙적(不規則的)이다. 표토(表土)의 탄질비(炭窒比)는 4.6~15.5 범위(範圍)인데 8~10인 것이 많으며 심토(心土) 및 기층(基層)에서는 표토(表土)에 비(比)하여 그 범위(範圍)가 커서 3.0~20.25이다. 토양반응(土壤反應)은 pH4.5~8.0 범위(範圍)에 있으나 광활(廣活) 및 만경통(萬頃統)을 제외(除外)하고는 모두 산성(酸性)이다. 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)은 표토(表土)에서는 5~13 me/100g 범위(範圍)이며 심토(心土) 및 기층(基層)에서는 사질토양(砂質土壤)을 제외(除外)하고 모두 10~20 me/100g 범위(範圍)에 있다. 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)는 공덕(孔德) 및 백구통(白鷗統)을 제외(除外)하고는 모두 60% 이상(以上)이다. 표토(表土)의 활성철함량(活性鐵含量)은 0.45~1.81% 범위(範圍)이고 역환원성(易還元性)망간은 15~148ppm 범위(範圍)이며 유효규산은 36~366ppm 범위(範圍)에 있다. 이들 3성분(成分)의 용탈(溶脫) 및 집적(集積)은 토양배수(土壤排水), 토성조건(土性條件)에 따라 다르지만 대체(大體)로 10~70cm 범위(範圍)에 집적(集積)하고 있으나 규산(珪酸)은 경우(境遇)에 따라 철(鐵), 망간 보다 깊은 층위(層位)에 집적(集積)되여 있다. 각(各) 토양통(土壤統)의 주요특성(主要特性)은 해안(海岸)에서 부터 거리에 따라 점변(漸變)하고 있으며 점토(粘土), 유기탄소(有機炭素) 및 pH는 해안(海岸)으로 부터 내륙(內陸)으로 옮겨가는 거리와 다음과 같은 상관(相關)이 있다. y(표상(表上)의 점토함량(粘土含量)) =
This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However,
본고(本稿)시리이즈의 제1보(第一報)에서 우리는 물리(物理), 사회과학(社會科學) 및 공학분야(工學分野)의 12,442명(名)의 과학자(科學者)와 기술자(技術者)에 대한 정보교환활동(情報交換活動)의 78례(例)에 있어서 일반과정(一般過程)과 몇 가지 결과(結果)를 기술(記述)한 바 있다. 4년반(年半) 이상(以上)의 기간(其間)(