• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the seasonal and regional occurrence and development of major pest flies on the oyster mushroom. The survey was performed in the oyster mushroom houses located at 16 places, selected randomly throughout South Korea from July to August and from October to November in 1997. The six species of flies were found including three pest species from Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae and Scatopsidae flies. The pattern of occurrence was somewhat dissimilar depending on the survey periods and regions. Among these, the most serious and abundant pest, Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae), occurred year around at the regions surveyed. In this study, Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae) was confinned as a mushroom pest. Its larvae damaged the mycelium, and occurred usually in summer from July to August. The paedogenetic Mycophila sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was found abundantly on the oyster mushroom bed, and caused a severe damage in fall from October to November.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2006

Antifungal activities of 43 different plant oils were evaluated against different phytopathogenic fungi. Thyme oil showed highest antifungal activity among the tested oils. The major of thyme oil were found to be thymol, carvacrol, bomeol, p-cymene and linalool. Thymol and carvacrol were found to be responsible for thyme's antifungal activity. The spore germination assay was conducted on Alternaria mail and Botrytis cinerea. Thymol and carvacrol strongly inhibited spore germination in the fungi test. In addition, thymol and carvacrol showed a curative effectiveness to gray mold disease on cucumber crop. The antifungal activities of alkylphenol and alkylaniline compounds, which has similar molecular structure to that of thymol or cavacrol, were also tested. It was found that alkylphenol compounds also show higher inhibition to spore germination. Thus, thymol, carvacrol and alkylphenol compounds can be used an potent antifungal agents.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2002

Biological control against mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali, was performed by using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Bti-D and Bti-U, isolated from dead mushroom fly in oyster mushroom houses. Control values of the bacterial strains Bti-D and Bti-U against L. mali in bottle culture of oyster mushroom were 74.4% and 64.2%, respectively, and the value in small tray culture were 75.8% and 56.8%, respectively. In the experiment to develop the mass, cheap media for Bti-D and Bti-U isolates, the Biji broth (bean curd residue, called Biji in Korean language) was selected as a culture medium for an inexpensive and mass cultivation by the measurement of optical density of the two bacteria grown in the different media tested. Insecticidal effect of the formulation contained different ingredients that were prepared by using the Bti-D strain cultured in the Biji broth was tested in tray and bottle culture of oyster mushroom. The WCS formulation that contained corn starch as bio-gel (86.4%) was more effective to control the mushroom fly than living cells (69.1%) in bottle culture of oyster mushroom. Moreover, insecticidal effect of the WCS formulation was improved when water of pH 8 was used for dilution of the formulation. Effect of the WCS formulation using water of pH 8 and chemicals, Zuron (dimillin) W.P. on the control of mushroom fly and the productivity of oyster mushroom was investigated in tray culture of oyster mushroom. The Zuron W.P. was more effective to control the mushroom fly than the WCS formulation. However, compared with no treatment, the productivity of the mushroom treated with the WCS formulation was improved than that of the mushroom with Zuron W.P.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.150-159
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• 2008

The marine litter generated as by-products of human activities and economic development enters to the sea through rivers or stream Indirectly, and through sea-based activities directly. It is commonly comprised of materials that degrade very slowly, such as various plastic products, polystyrene, glass, rubber, metal, wood, derelict fishing nets, wire, rope and so on. Such litter is found in the water column and on the seafloor as well as coastal areas In the Northwest Pacific region. It causes injury or death of human and other living organisms and also accident or damage of the vessel. It is not only a problem of country but also regional and/or global problem because it is transported by currents and winds from one country to another. In this regard, Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) Marine Litter Activity (MALITA) project had been carried out during 2006-2007 biennium and NOWPAP Regional Action Plan on Marine Litter (RAP MALI) has been also continuously implemented in the 2008-2009 biennium as next phase step of MALITA. MERRAC, one of four Regional Activity Centres (RACs) of NOWPAP, has developed monitoring guidelines, sectoral guidelines, and brochures related to sea-based marine litter and port reception facilities and services through MALITA project. Based upon these output, MERRAC will continuously implement relevant activities of RAP MALI in order to help to establish and improve a regional mechanism to deal with the sea-based marine litter problem. This paper aims to introduce MERRAC activities under MALITA and RAP MALI, and to suggest several recommendations to reduce marine litter in the NOWPAP region.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3987-3989
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• 2013

This is a commentary on what a cancer cell is and why cancer cells metastasize. Normal cell get transformed to a cancer cell, with excessive production of free radicals that mutate the DNA of a normal cell. The immortality and malignant stage of transformed cell is maintained by higher GSH levels. With the faster rate of proliferation, when the cancer cell finds the place of origin is not conducive to its further growth, cancer cell chooses to take the metastatic course. We argue that if we can stop the exit of cancer cell from place of origin, cancer spread can be stopped or even cured.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2000

• Mycobiology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.190-192
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• 2000

Antifungal bacteria for biological control of plant diseases or production of novel antibiotics to plant pathogens were isolated in 1997 from various soils of Ansung, Chunan, Koyang, and Paju in Korea. Sixty-four bacterial strains pre-screened from approximately 1,400 strains were tested on V-8 juice agar against eight plant pathogenic fungi using in vitro bioassay technique for inhibition of mycelial growth. Test pathogens were Alternaria mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. orbiculare, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Magnaporthe grisea, Phytophthora capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani. A wide range of antifungal activity of bacterial strains was found against the pathogenic fungi, and strain RC-B77 showed the best antifungal activity. Correlation analysis between inhibition of each fungus and mean inhibition of all eight fungi by 64 bacterial strains revealed that C. gloeosporioides would be best appropriate for detecting bacterial strains producing antibiotics with potential as biocontrol agents for plant pathogens.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1999

A multifunctional antagonistic bacterium, producing both antifungal antibiotic and chitinase that could be used as biocontrol agents against fungal plant pathogens was isolated from the plant-disease suppressive soil. The isolate was identified as Promicromonospora sp. KH-28 from various morphological, biochemical and physiological tests. The antifungal antibiotic produced by Promicromonospora sp. KH-28 was soluble in n-butanol, methanol, toluene, n-hexane, ethanol but insoluble in H2O, acetone, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethylether. It inhibited the growth of fungal plant pathogens of Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Alternaria mali and Phytophthora capsici. The antagonistic Promicromonospora sp. KH-28 produced optimally the antifungal antibiotic when it was cultivated at pH 7, 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 5 days.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.179-189
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• 2002

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the use of different media and customer satisfaction in help desk service. Different dimensions of customer satisfaction were derived based on SERVQUAL : reliability, empathy, assurance, tangibles, and responsiveness. The results support our hypotheses that use of conventional media (face-to-face and telephone) is related to help desk satisfaction through reliability and empathy and electronic media (e-mali and internet) users show higher satisfaction in tangibles and assurance. Also, hybrid media users (multi-media users by task) show a higher level of satisfaction in reliability and responsibility. The results suggest that automating help desks should be considered as a way to provide more options to end-users.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.396-402
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• 1997

Biocontrol of plant pathogens provides an alternative means of reducing the incidence of plant diseases without the negative aspects of chemical pesticides. Nowdays, as the resistant fungi about the chemical fungicides have revealed and the concern of environment has increased, the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi by the antagonistic microorganisms is very much indispensable. For the selection of strong antagonistic bacterium for biological control agent of rice leafblast and cucumber gray mold rot, the antifungal strain KL-3 strain was selected among 120 strains isolated from the rhizosphere soils. And the strain was identified to be a species of Bacillus subtilis or closely related strain. In several biochemical and in vitro antibiosis tests, antifungal substances of Bacillus sp. KL-3 were presumed heat stable, micromolecular antibiotic substances. In vivo test and vinyl house field test, the antifungal substances of Bacillus sp. KL-3 represented excellent biocontrol ability aganist Alternaria mali, Phyricularia oryzae, and Alternaria kikuchiana as well as broad spectrum of other fungi. In particular, Bacillus sp. KL-3 strain showed more predominant activity than some chemical fungicides against fungi shown to resist chemcal fungicides.