• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

There is now a growing concern about the possible toxicity of heavy metals in cosmetics. Heavy metals can be used as cosmetic ingredients or may be present as low level impurities in some of the raw materials. Chromium derivatives are used as pigments in cosmetics. Chromium is essential and toxic trace elements. Chromium may cause skin allergy. However, the regulations related to cosmetic products give no limit values for Chromium. Hexavalent chromium is significantly more toxic than trivalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium may present a carcinogenic risk at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to consider oxidation state of chromium when analyze chromium. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentrations of water-soluble trivalent and hexavalent chromium in samples of makeup products, and to assess the safety of cosmetics on the basis of animal sensitization tests using guinea pig. The present study of chromium in 48 makeup products of 12 manufacturers provides a basis for assessing safety of makeup products. Water-soluble hexavalent chromium was not detected in any product. Water-soluble trivalent chromium was detected in only 9 eye shadows out of 48 makeup products, and could not be quantified 3 out of 9 eye shadows. The highest level of water-soluble trivalent chromium was about 10 mg/kg in spite of 90,000 mg/kg of total chromium. The results of animal sensitization tests show that 200 mg/kg of trivalent chromium and 5 mg/kg of hexavalent chromium have no harmful effect. No cross-reaction among these metals was found. Accordingly, the concentrations of water-soluble chromium in makeup products seemed to be safe. The overall results indicate that chromium in cosmetics probably have no significant toxicological effects. However, It is necessary to set guidelines on the maximum permissible concentration of water-soluble chromium in cosmetics.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2015

파우더 베이스 메이크업 제품은 피부에 도포되어 8 ~ 12시간 동안 부착되며 피부에서 분비되는 땀이나 피지 등의 분비물에 의해 화장막이 변화된다. 따라서 메이크업 화장의 지속성은 중요한 품질 요소 중 하나이며 평가도 중요하다. 본 연구는 파우더 제품에서 지속성 평가를 위해 여러 가지 방법으로 파우더 반제품의 흡수, 흡유, 발수, 발유 등의 특성을 측정해보고 객관적인 평가 방법과 비교하여 연관성을 확인하여 지속성 평가 시 중요한 파우더의 특성을 살펴보았다. 또한 평가조건(땀과 피지 분비량 차이, 기온 및 습도 등)에 크게 영향을 받지 않으면서 지속성을 예측할 수 있는 간단한 방법을 검토해보았다. 타정 흡유도와 모세관법 및 침지법 등으로 반제품의 흡수, 흡유, 발수, 발유 특성을 측정해본 후 색차계와 ROBO skin analyzer 데이터와 비교하였다. 그 결과 흡수, 발유 특성보다는 흡유와 발수 특성이 지속성과의 연관성이 크다는 것을 확인할 수 있었고 흡유, 발수 특성을 확인하는 것으로 빠르고 손쉽게 지속성에 대한 예측이 가능하리라 생각되었다. 그 중 흡유 특성은 타정 흡유도와 모세관법이, 발수 특성은 침지법이 지속성에 대한 상대평가 방법으로 유용할 것이라고 판단되었다.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.29-34
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• 2002

As the makeup water entering the boiler feed water cycle usually contains corrosive gases, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide, so the corrosive gases should be eliminated by a deaerator. While the other domestic companies have made a deaerator for land industrial field, our company has developed and is able to produce a spray & scrubber type deaerator for marine to maintain below the level of 7ppb of dissolved oxygen in the condensate. In this paper, we describe the principle, design technique and experimntal results of the spray & scrubber type deaerator.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2008

Seed production of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was performed in a pilot RAS. The growth of juvenile olive flounder and changes in water quality were monitored for the entire production period. The pilot RAS consisted of 8 circular culture tanks($4.0mD{\times}1.0mH$), 2 trickling biofilters($1.7mD{\times}2.0mH$), 2 protein skimmers ($0.8mD{\times}2.5mH$), and 4 sedimentation chambers($0.7mD{\times}1.5mH$). The culture surface area was about $100.5m^2$ and the actual working volume was about $106.9m^3$. As many as 300,000 fertilized olive flounder eggs were initially distributed into 2 culture tanks with the water temperature at $19.0^{\circ}C$. Live feeds such as rotifers and Artemia nauplii were fed until the 32nd day after hatching, and a commercial diet was fed from the 19th day to the end of the experiment. After 70 days, 150,256 juveniles with a body length of $65.8{\pm}3.9mm$ were produced in the RAS, with a daily growth rate for body length of 4.7%/day. At this time, the final culture density was 1,495 individuals $m^{-2}$, and 13.6 L of makeup water, 0.071 kW of electricity and 0.025 L of diesel fuel were used to produce a juvenile olive flounder. During metamorphosis of the larvae, the TAN concentration increased to 0.99 mg/L, which made the larvae sensitive to result in some mortality. However no more massive mortality occurred at the juvenile stage after metamorphosis even at a TAN concentration of 4.25 mg/L and a ${NO_2}^{-}-N$ concentration of 2.45 mg/L.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

지금까지 저점도 메이크업 유중수형 에멀전을 함침재에 침적시켜 휴대 간편성과 사용 편리성을 높인 화장품이 개발되어 왔다. 종래에는 주로 경도가 높고 다공의 망상구조를 갖는 폴리우레탄 스펀지가 함침재로서 사용되어 왔으며, 이러한 스펀지는 구조적인 특성상 화장료 함침이 잘 되기 때문에 제조가 용이하다는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 초기 토출량이 높고, 사용 횟수에 따라 토출량의 감소가 큰 특징을 가지고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 새로운 발포형태의 스펀지를 개발하고 이를 활용한 다양한 특징을 갖는 메이크업 유중수형 에멀전에 관하여 연구하고자 한다. 우선 상기 목적에 맞는 다양한 소재를 조사하고, 이를 토대로 natural rubber (NR)와 styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)의 조합을 통해 성형성이 우수하며 화장료 조성물의 적절한 흡수 및 배출 능력을 가지는 새로운 물질을 개발하였다. 이러한 함침재는 고무와 같은 탄성성질의 부드러움과 높은 신율 및 균일한 토출력을 가지는 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 화장료 조성물로 사용되는 여러 종류의 오일의 극성도(polarity)에 따른 신규 스펀지의 특성을 이해하고, 메이크업 유중수형 에멀전의 점성을 조절하여 메이크업 제품 개발이 가능함을 확인하였으며, 향후 새로운 특성을 갖는 화장료 함침재로써의 가치가 매우 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.250-256
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• 1998

The culture of makeup has early developed in China. Especially, beautiful eyebrows were the symbol of a beauty. This study is related to fashionable Cheong-Dae in Han Dynasty. In Han Dynasty, women painted thier eyebrows with blue color in a different color from former periods. This fact has close connection with the bordering countries on Western China. Together with Hu fashion having been in fashion during trading directive with Western China women has seemed to use Cheong-Dae for their makeup in Han Dynasty. In Hand Dynasty, Ferghana women had very often used it for their makeup. And it had produced in Ferghana, Jaguda, Kashkar. In Tang Dynasty, it has been said that Persia was the best. Let's take a look at the producing method. Soak indigo plants in water add lime and stir it up, then bubbles are formed. They are called it as Cheong-Dae. Nearly, they are produced in the course of indigo dying. So we can see inflowing course of Cheong-Dae into China through the history of Indigo dying. We can guess the use of Cheong-Dae in Egypt. Indeed, Nile Blue is used for the Protection their access from insects as well as effect of coolness visually. This guess is very reasonable because the fact is considered that some people dye with indigo color by the way of sedimentation in Peniasula of Sinai. Also, the PH of Cheong-Dae is about 7. So, it does no harm in skin and its color is dark blue. Cheong-Dae has effects of insecticide and removal of fever. Cheong-Dae that had been used in Peninsula of Egypt seems to have been carried into China through Silk Route. And by trial to make Cheong-Dae it is proved that its ingredient is plant.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2010

Treatment and reuse of industrial wastewater is becoming a major goal due to water scarcity. This may be carried out using membrane separation technology in general and reverse osmosis (RO) in particular. In the current study, polyamide (FT-30) membrane was employed for treatment of wastewater obtained from Faraman industrial zone based in Kermanshah (Iran). The effects of operating conditions such as transmembrane pressure, cross flow velocity, temperature and time on water flux and rejection of impurities including COD by the membrane were elucidated. The aim was an improvement in membrane performance. The results indicate that most of the chemical substances are removed from the wastewater. In particular COD removal was increased from 64 to around 100% as temperature increased from 15 to $45^{\circ}C$. The complete COD removal was obtained at transmembrane pressure of 20 bars and cross flow velocity of 1.5 m/s. The treated wastewater may be reused for various applications including makeup water for cooling towers.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1890-1901
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• 2022

We have assessed the applicability of the thermal-hydraulic system analysis code, SPACE, to a small modular reactor called SMART. For the assessment, the experimental data from a scale-down integral-test facility, SMART-ITL, were used. It was conformed that the SPACE code unrealistically calculates the safety injection flow rate through the CMT and SIT during a small-break loss-of-coolant experiment. This unrealistic behavior was due to the overprediction of interfacial heat transfer at the steam-water interface in a vertically stratified flow in the tanks. In this study, a special thermal-hydraulic component model has been developed to realistically calculate the interfacial heat transfer when a strong non-equilibrium two-phase flow is formed in the CMT or SIT. Additionally, we developed a special heat structure model, which analytically calculates the heat transfer from the hot steam to the cold tank wall. The combination of two models for the tank are called the special component model. We assessed it using the SMART-ITL passive safety injection system (PSIS) test data. The results showed that the special component model well predicts the transient behaviors of the CMT and SIT.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2011

Membrane distillation process was used for desalination of hot (333 K) geothermal water, which was applied in the plant producing heating water. The investigated water contained 120 g salts/$dm^3$, mainly NaCl. The mineral composition was studied using an ion chromatography method. The obtained rejection of solutes was closed to 100%, but the small amounts of $NH_3$ also diffused through the membrane together with water vapour. However, the composition of obtained distillate allowed to use it as a makeup water in the heating water system. The geothermal water under study was concentrated from 120 to 286 g NaCl/$dm^3$. This increase in the solution concentration caused the permeate flux decline by a 10-20%. The geothermal water contained sulphates, which was subjected to two-fold concentration to achieve the concentration 2.4-2.6 g $SO{_4}{^{2-}}/dm^3$ and the sulphates then crystallized in the form of calcium sulphate. As a results, an intensive membranes scaling and the permeate flux decline was observed. The XRD analysis indicated that beside the gypsum also the NaCl crystallites were deposited on the membrane surfaces. The fresh geothermal water dissolved the mixed $CaSO_4$ and NaCl deposit from the membrane surface. This property can be utilized for self-cleaning of MD modules. Using a batch feeding of MD installation, the concentration of geothermal water was carried out over 800 h, without significant performance losses.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2014

The recent Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents shows that the core make up at high RCS pressure condition is very important to prevent core melting. The core make up flow at high pressure condition should be driven by gravity force or passive forces because the AC-powered safety features are not available during a Station Black Out (SBO) accident. The reactor Coolant System (RCS) mass inventory is continuously decreased by releasing steam through the pressurizer safety valves after reactor trip during a SBO accident. The core will be melted down within 2~3 hours without core make up action by active or passive mode. In the new design concept of a Hybrid Safety Injection Tank (Hybrid SIT) both for low and high RCS pressure conditions, the low pressure nitrogen gas serves as a charging pressure for a LBLOCA injection mode, while the PZR high pressure steam provides an equalizing pressure for a high pressure injection mode such as a SBO accident. After the pressure equalizing process by battery driven initiation valve at a high pressure SBO condition, the Hybrid SIT injection water will be passively injected into the reactor downcomer by gravity head. The SBO simulation by MARS code show that the core makeup injection flow through the Hybrid SIT continued up to the SIT empty condition, and the core heatup is delayed as much.