• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.511-524
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• 2016

Since a room-and-pillar underground structure is characterized by its grid-type array of room and pillar, its economical efficiency can be governed by excavation sequence. In this study, the construction period by the drill-and-blast method as a excavation method for a room-and-pillar underground structure was examined. In addition, the parallel excavation sequence was considered as the main sequence of a room-and-pillar underground structure. Sequences of mucking and support installation were derived to estimate the total excavation cycle by taking the case of a road tunnel into consideration. From the excavation cycle of room-and-pillar underground structure, the relationship between available maximum and minimum numbers of jumbo drill machines depending on the number of faces in operation was suggested.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

This paper aimed to identify a main-path remains in the Hwangnyongsa temple site based on studying published the excavation survey report and researching relics related to the path in the ancient temple site. Hwngnyongsa temple, there were three type's paved footway, straight path to the central axis line of the layout, outside path around the main buildings and the front square of the lecture hall. These remains were expected that installed for some purposes, such as marches, touring, sort of a Buddhist ceremony been performed at the time of Silla. Straight path shows there were two rows of the main access inside the roofed corridor. A row consisted of the 2~3 pieces processed stone(Jangdaeseok) altogether with 92cm width and combined with square stone and stepping stone on the end of the road. It is regarded as very characteristic form and one of the architectural elements of Hwangnyongsa temple in Unified Silla period.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.3-15
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• 2006

To determine the optimum ventilation systems during long tunnel excavation, the velocity vector profile and the contaminant's distribution at working place are studied using 2-D, 3-D numerical analysis. The main results can be summarized as follow; In case of long tunnels, blower-exhaust-mixture types which enable to use soft blast ducts is most appropriate in terms of ventilation and economical efficiency. Of the same ventilation types, ventilation efficiency has a difference according to blast ducts and the distance between fan and working place. The 3-D numerical result shows that arranging blower and exhaust ducts in the right and left corners of the tunnel respectively is effective to discharge contaminant. The result of the real measurement shows that CO concentration can be reduced to below 50 ppm, which is regulation value, as 16-minutes fan operation goes on.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2003

Seismic Reflection Methods (TSP, HSP) have been applied in the junction between 2nd Adit and Main Tunnel (Solan Tunnel) of Youngdiong Railroad (Mt. Dongbaek~Dokye). In this paper, methods and case study will be introduced to predict discontinuties in the tunnel before excavation by the Seismic Reflection Methods (TSP, HSP)and secure construction stability of the tunnel in blasting and excavation.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 1994

A new type of cut method, called SK-cut, was developed in order to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional V-cut and Burn-cut blasting methods. Total 190 times of test blasts were performed for the evaluation of the efficiency of new blasting method. V-cut, Burn cut and SK-cut were compared by applying them to the excavation of main gallery and construction tunnel of underground oil storage cavern. Test results showed that excavation efficiency of the new method was increased by 5.9~9.8% and that specific charge was reduced to 71~92%.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 1994

This is a Double-Track Railway tunnel in typical Tae-Gu black and gray shale forming part of the No.1 Line of the Tae-Gu Subway. The main fault zone at tunnel is a moderately to highly weathered and closely jointed zone, 0.5 m wide with associated paralled jointing which is slickensided and fractured. After excavation by blasting, the soft rocks should need to be reinforced with optimal supporting pattern which might be better redesigned through the consideration of the results of in-situ rock measurements at the field. Performances fo the field tests included Point Load Test, Schmidt Hammer Test, and field joint measurement gave the detail data for the optimum support design and safe excavation of the No.1 Line of Tae-Gu Subway at the No.1-7 consturction site adn the safety of this redesigned supports system was analysed by the FDM program FLAC.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2002

For the excavation of the rock, blast method is put into operation in most of the construction site in Korea. In comparison to other methods of excavation, blast method has many merits such as improvement in efficiency in operation, reducement of operation period, and etc. However, blast operation also creates much loss due to the blast vibration, noise, and fly rocks. Thus, in this study, we have examined main features, rock fragmentation effect and the application of plasma method the one of shallow vibration method. In this study, the attenuation exponent of blast method operated in the site was 1.39~1.40 and that of the plasma method was analysed to be 1.45~2.23. From the location where the distance between excavation location and observation location was over 15 m, most of excavation vibration were measured to be less than 0.2 kine(cm/sec), which is also the allowed standard value of sensitive buildings, such as cultural assets and computer facilities. According to the result of FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) analysis, the frequency measured through blast method in this site was 30~50 Hz and the frequency of plasma method ranges in between 30~130 Hz.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

This paper aimed to identify the units of measuring scale in Hwangnyongsa temple planning with the published excavation survey reports. Hwangyongsa temple site was planned under Silla Capital's urban planning in 6~7C, its full size was $800{\times}800$, and main temple was $400{\times}515$ of Goguryeo's system of measurement. Main hall was located in the center of Hwangnyongsa temple site, and its location could be seen that there was the arrangement of main temple divided into 3 : 2. Building plan measuring units proved to be 351~356mm and 294~ 296mm by analyzing measured data of remains. Lecture hall and Wooden pagoda were rebuilt by using the ancestors' units of measuring scale again and Bell hall was not planned by Tang's system of measurement in middle of 8C. In this respect, it would be important to have a deliberate attitude and lay down stereotypes on research of the units of measuring scale in ancient architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 2002

Observational results of ground movement during the construction were very different from those predicted during the analysis of design step because of the uncertainty of the numerical analysis modelling, the soil parameter, and the condition of a construction field, etc., however accurately numerical analysis method was applied for prediction of ground movement per the excavation step. Therefore, the management system through the construction field measurement should be achieved for grasping the situation during the excavation. Until now, the measurement system restricted by 'Absolute Value Management system'analyzing only the stability of present step has been executed. So, it was difficult to expect the prediction of ground movement fur the next excavation step. In this situation, this study developed 'The Management system TOMAS-EXCAV'consisted of 'Absolute value management system'analyzing the stability of present step and 'Prediction management system'expecting the ground movement of next excavation step and analyzing the stability of next excavation step by 'Back Analysis'. TOMAS-EXCAV could be applied to all the uncertainty of earth retaining structures analysis by connecting 'Forward analysis program'and 'Back analysis program'and optimizing the main design variables using SQP-MMFD optimization method through measurement results. The applicability of TOMAS-EXCAV was confirmed by back analysis selecting two earth retains construction fields.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.14
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• pp.7-32
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• 2012

The exhibition was started in 2010 in the New Acropolis Museum of Athens and embarked a journey since 2011 as a travelling exhibition inside Greece and abroad. The main purpose of the exhibition was to draw attention of the general public to the value of the 'rescue excavation' and of cultural heritage of Greece, by presenting the reconstruction bust of a girl whose skull was found in Kerameikos cemetery of ancient Athens. The new Kerameikos excavation was initiated by the construction of Metropolitan Railway lines in the center of Athens between 1992 to 1998. It revealed a pit of a mass burial where about 150 people were inhumed in a very hasty way without proper funeral rites or offerings. These bodies are identified as the victims of the infamous plague of Athens in the first years of the Peloponnesian War(430-426 BC). The epidemic disease killed almost one third of the city population including Pericles, and brought extreme fear and panic to the Athens society. The traditional funerary rites were totally disrupted, and the social decorum and the morality among the citizens became enfeebled. The plague and the civil war were the decisive factors to end the Golden Age of Democratic Athens. However, the exhibition organizers did not focus on the tragic aspect of this disaster and its casualties. Their main concern was to simplify the scholarly works of archaeological excavation and microchemistry analysis so that the exhibition viewers will easily understand and empathize the living value of the scholarly works of ancient Greek civilization. The centripetal element of the exhibition was the vivid face of an 11 years old ancient girl 'Myrtis', which was carefully reconstructed based on both the scientific data and artistic imagination. Also the set up of the exhibition was structured in order to stimuli cognitive and emotional experience of the visitors who witnessed the rebirth of a vibrant human being from an ancient debris. The museologists' continuous efforts to promote projects of contemporary artists, publications, and school programs related to the exhibition indicate that the ulterior motive of this exhibition is the cultural education of the present and future generation through the intimate experiences of ancient Greek life. Also this is the reason why the various museums that held the travelling exhibition try to make the presentation as a gesture of memorial service for an anonymous Athenian girl who deceased circa 2400 years ago. The pragmatic efforts of Greek scholars and museologists through exhibition show us a way to find a solution to the continuous threat of cultural resources by massive construction projects and land development, and to overcome public indifference to the history and cultural heritage.