• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.211-253
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• 2005

Recently, the Korean Supreme Court released two important decisions concerning damages for the pain and suffering from Aircraft noise. The local people who are living near the Air Force practice site at Maehyang-ri and the Kimpo International Airport brought lawsuits against the Korean government requesting damages for their financial loss from the severe noise and the damages for their pain and suffering. Plaintiffs alleged that they suffered physical malfunctions, extreme disturbances and the reduction of property values from the extreme noises which were daily repeated. District Court of Seoul Province did not allow plaintiffs all but the damages for pain and suffering. Plaintiffs could not prove the causation between their financial loss and the noise. The Supreme Court confirmed the lower court's decision. Article V of the National Compensation Act (analogous to the Federal Tort Claims Act of the USA) reads, "the government shall be liable for any loss caused by the defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities." In the two cases, the major issue was whether the government's establishment or maintenance of Air Force practice site and the airport was defective because they caused serious noise to surrounding neighbors. Previously, the Supreme Court interpreted the clause "defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities" as failure of duty to provide safety measures to the degree generally required to ordinary manager. However the Court at this time interpreted differently that the defect could be found if the facility caused to any person loss to the degree intolerable. In the two cases the Court confirmed the lower court's finding that noise level at the site was severe enough to be intolerable. This standard is based on the severity of the loss rather than the failure of duty. It became easier for plaintiffs to prove the cause of action under this interpretation. The consequence of the ruling of these two cases is 'rush to the courtroom' by the local people at similar situations. The ruling of these two cases was not appropriate both in theory and in consequence. The Korean tort system is basically based on the theory of negligence. Strict liability is exceptional only when there is special legislation. The Court created strict liability rule by interpreting the Art. V of the National Compensation Act. This is against the proper role of the court. The result of the cases is also dismal. The government was already sued by a number of local people for damages. Especially the Department of Defense which is operating many airports nationwide has financial hardship, which will cause downsizing military practice by the Air Force in the long run, This is no good to anyone. Tens of millions of dollars which might be used for compensation might be better used to prevent further noise problem surrounding airports.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2010

In order to remediate heavy metal contaminated Nong island, Maehyang-ri shooting range soils through the batch reactor scale washing were evaluated. The experiment texture soil of N3 in the Nong island at north side incline was (g)mS containing 12.9% gravel, 47.0% sand, 35.1% silt and 5.0% clay. And the N3 soil area was contaminated with Cd($22.5\pm1.9$ ppm), Cu($35.5\pm4.0$ ppm), Pb($1,279.0\pm5.1$ ppm) and Zn($403.4\pm9.8$ ppm). The EDTA(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, $C_{10}H_{16}N_2O_8$) in the N3 soil was observed as most effective extractants among the 5 extractants(citric acid, EDTA, phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate and oxalic acid) tested. And chemical partitioning of heavy metals after washing N3 soil with EDTA was evaluated. Removal efficiency of residual fractions was higher than that of non-residual fractions. To choose EDTA extractant which is the most effective in soil washing technology using batch reactor process cleaning Pb and Zn contaminated sits; Pb and Zn removal rates were investigated 92.4%, 94.0% removal(1,000 mM, soil:solution=5, $20^{\circ}C$, 24 hour shaking, pH=2, 200 RPM), respectively. The results of the batch test showed that the removal efficiency curve was logarithmic in soil was removal. Thus, EDTA washing process can be applied to remediate the Pb and Zn contaminated soil used in this study.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to investigate the suitable cultivar for organic strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivation in Korea. The six strawberry cultivars which were bred and commonly cultivated in Korea as forcing and semi-forcing culture were tested in this experiment. To achieve the objectives, various characteristics of these cultivars were investigated for two consecutive years such as growth habit, yield, fruit quality and occurrence rate of disease/pest. As results of this research, the total yield of 'Seolhyang' was the highest among cultivars tested in both forcing and semi-forcing cultivation. The average of soluble solid contents (SSC) in 'Seolhyang' was $12.0^{\circ}Bx$ that is lower than other cultivars and especially below $10^{\circ}Bx$ after March (high temperature period). But there was not much difference in SSC among 6 cultivars until the end of February. The average of hardness in 'Seolhyang' was 279g/${\phi}5\;mm$ which was a little higher than that of 'Akihime'. Titration acidity (TA) in 'Maehyang' was 0.69% which was the highest value among 6 cultivars. Total fresh/root weight of 'Seonhong' and leaf area of 'Seolhyang' were significant among other cultivars' ones in forcing culture. Growth habits (fresh weight, root weight, leaf area, etc.) showed no significant difference among cultivars in semi-forcing culture. The lowest occurrence rate for powdery mildew and aphids was found in 'Seolhyang', but gray mold was severer than other cultivars. The density of two spider mites was the lowest in 'Redpearl'. We have concluded that 'Seolhyang' is the most suitable cultivar for organic strawberry cultivation by the result of yield, fruit quality and resistance of disease/pest.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

This study aims to determine the optimal maturity of strawberry fruits as affected by the application of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and its optimal concentration for postharvest stability and quality. Prior to application of treatments, fruits that were classified into levels of maturity (0%, 50%, 70% and 100%) were air-dried for 40 minutes and stored in the refrigerator at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. Fruits at 70% maturity were dipped into 0, 10, 50 and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ LPE solutions for 1 minute. A lower range of concentration (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and $25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) was applied to fruits at different maturity levels. Data on fresh weight, hardness at vertical and horizontal loading positions, color index and sugar content during storage were collected. Based on fruits with 70% maturity dipped in LPE concentrations, there were no significant differences found on fresh weight, color index and sugar content. However, the application of $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ LPE gave the highest hardness at vertical loading position while $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ had the lowest average. At lower range of LPE concentrations, fresh weight was not significantly affected by LPE application and maturity levels. Hardness of fruits was mainly based on the maturity of the fruits. Increased hardness was observed in the fruits with 70% maturity dipped into the $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of LPE solution. The hardness and Hunter's $L^*$ and $b^*$ value of 100% matured fruits gave lowest values despite the application of $25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ LPE 12 days after storage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.70-99
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• 2021

Yeong-am's 'Jeongwon (貞元)' stone monument, designated as the Jeollanam-do Cultural Heritage, is considered to be the oldest of the epigraphs in Jeollanam-do. Immediately after the discovery, the possibility of it being a Maehyangbi of Memorial Inscriptions was mentioned and attracted attention. However, there is an absolute age of the 'Jeongwon (貞元) of 2 years' (786), so despite it is a relatively early epigraph (金石文), there are not many papers on the theme related to this stone monument. I believe that this stone monument is a Maehyangbi (埋香碑). While reviewing and comparing the results of the existing research, I decoded the text from the 42nd character of the 4th line. As a result of the review, that was conducted, it was confirmed that this stone monument is truly a Maehyangbi (埋香碑). In particular, it was recorded in the literature of the late Joseon Dongguk-myungsanggi (東國名山記) that the letters of the Maehyangbi (埋香碑) are not recognizable. However, it is clearly stated that this stone monument is a Maehyangbi (埋香碑). Although there is no common expression for 'bury (埋)' or 'incense burial (埋香)' in the traditional Maehyangbi (埋香碑), which were popular in the late Goryeo and early Joseon Periods, it can be seen that it is a Maehyangbi (埋香碑) from the words "hide (呑藏)" and "10 bundles of fragrant incense (合香十束)" that are engraved on the stone monument with the name 'Jeongwon.' In other words, it is thought that it meant 'hide (呑藏)' instead of 'bury (埋)'. Circumstantial evidence for the monument of Jingamseonsa (眞鑑禪師), built in 888, contains the an epigraph from the Unified Silla Era. There is a phrase on it that says 'Plant incense on the shore (海岸植香)' on the monument of Jingamseonsa (眞鑑禪師), and it conveys its meaning without using the character 'bury (埋)'. As a result of the absence of the character 'bury (埋)' on the stone monument with the name 'Jeongwon', it is not considered as a Maehyangbi (埋香碑). However, there is evidence that the stone monument with the name 'Jeongwon (貞元)' is in fact a Maehyangbi (埋香碑) and it is also in the Geumpyoseok (禁標石; Forbidden Stone) around Gukjangsaeng (國長生) and at the entrance of Dogapsa Temple (道甲寺). The letters written on the gold sign suggest the possibility that the charcoal used to burn incense (香炭) at the royal tombs of King Jeongjo (正祖) was produced around at Dogapsa Temple (道甲寺) in Wolchulsan (月出山). Since the charcoal used to burn incense (香炭) is naturally related to incense (香), it has been shown that the area around Wolchulsan, where Dogapsa Temple is located, has a long history related to incense (香). The letters visible on the stone monument, the record of Dongguk-myungsanggi (東國名山記) in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the letters on the Geompyoseok (禁標石; Forbidden Stone), all show that the stone monument with the name 'Jeongwon (貞元)' is a Maehyangbi (埋香碑). Considering the fact that the earliest Maehyangbi (埋香碑) in existence is the Maehyangbi (埋香碑) in Yeongam (靈巖) Ippam-ri (笠巖里), which has two dates from 1371 at the end of Goryeo and 1410 at the beginning of Joseon, the stone monument with the name 'Jeongwon' which was set up in 786, would be the oldest Maehyangbi (埋香碑) that we know of. In addition, there is a historical significance in that the Maehyangbi (埋香碑) is proven in the record of Dongguk-myungsanggi (東國名山記), a document from the late Joseon period.