• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.327-376
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• 2008

China is marking 9.4% annual growth rate in average since 1978. GDP reached $1090 in 2003 as the first time and China ranked at 4th with their economy size in 2006. One of the remarkable change in China is the extension of foreign open-door policy. China joined WTO in the end of 2001 and it strengthen the foundation of Chinese market economy structure and encouraged the inflow of foreign capital. While 400 of the 500 global corporations advanced into China, the economy trade has been rapidly increasing between Korea and China. The economy trade in both countries has been regularized since 1992 and the annual trade is tending upwards in last 15 years. Korean trade toward China reached 134,400 million which is increased 27 times compared with the total of 1982. In this period, Korean trade toward China marked 24.5% in Export increasing rate and 16.7% in import increasing rate. China became the 2nd biggest export country of Korea in 2001 and became the top in 2003. As the China foreign direct investment has been increasing rapidly, the number of Korean companies advanced into China has been remarkably increasing. By focusing on a thorough review of the nationally published documents of Korean-Chinese business management research during more than two decades (1981-2004), the present paper has been systematically classified and analyzed the current status of Korean-Chinese business management research. The paper raised some important issues regarding Korean-Chinese business management research and predominantly, its future prospects are outlined. In the paper, the documents which are registered in the Korean Academic Processing Foundation registration of journals and candidate registration of journals have been classified by: research purpose, main subject, research method and the results. Careful analysis among the research clarified the active and inactive business management research fields. This clarification enables us to get a better understanding of the current research of Korean-Chinese business management, and more importantly, it pointed out to the direction of future development of research. In addition, the systematic classification made by this paper may contribute to the decision making of subject index of Korean-Chinese business management research since there has been no classification standard of it until now.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.225-261
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• 2005

Under Article IV of the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), in order to obtain the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, a party applying for recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award shall supply (a) the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof and (b) the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy thereof. In addition, if the arbitral award or arbitration agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language, and the translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent. In a case where a Vietnamese company which had obtained a favorable arbitral award in Vietnam applied for recognition and enforcement of a Vietnamese arbitral award before a Korean court, the recent Korean Supreme Court Judgment (Docket No. 2004 Da 20180. 'Judgment') rendered on December 12, 2004 has alleviated the document requirements as follows : The Judgment held that (i) the party applying for recognition andenforcement of a foreign arbitral award does not have to strictly comply with the document requirements when the other party does not dispute the existence and the content of the arbitral award and the arbitration agreement and that (ii) in case the translation submitted to the court does not satisfy the requirement of Article 4, the court does not have to dismiss the case on the ground that the party applying for recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award has failed to comply with the translation requirement under Article 4, and instead may supplement the documents by obtaining an accurate Korean translation from an expert translator at the expense of the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. In this regard, the author fully supports the view of the Judgment. Finally, the Judgment held that, even though the existence of a written arbitration agreement was not disputed at the arbitration, there was no written arbitration agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant and wenton to repeal the judgment of the second instance which admitted the existence of a written arbitration agreement between the parties. In this regard, the author does not share the view of the Judgment. The author believes that considering the trend of alleviating the formality requirement of arbitration agreements under Article 2 of the New York Convention, the Supreme Court could have concluded that there was a written arbitration agreement because the defendant participated in thearbitration proceedings in Vietnam without disputing the formality requirement of the arbitration agreement. Or the Supreme Court should have taken the view that the defendant was no longer permitted to dispute the formality requirement of the arbitration agreement because otherwise it would be clearly against the doctrine of estoppel.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1993

In this study, the significant and enduring concentration of federal R&D spending in metro-scale clusters across the nation is treated as evidence of the operation of a distinct industrial infrastructure defined by the ability of R&D performers to attract external funding and pursue the sophisticated project work demanded. It follows, then, that the agglomerative potential of these R&D concentrations -- performers and their support infrastructures -- requires a search for economic impacts guided by a different stimulative effects attributable to federal R&D spending may be that substantial subnational economic impacts are routinely obscured and diluted by research designs that seek to discover impacts either at the level of nation-scale economic aggregates or on firms or specific industries organized spatially. Therefore, this study proceeds by seeking to link the locational clustering of federal contract R&D spending to more localized economic impacts. It tests a series of models(X-IV) designed to trace federal contract R&D spending flows to economic impacts registered at the level of metro-regional economies. By shifting the focus from funding sources to recipient types and then to sector-specific impacts, the patterns of consistent results become increasingly compelling. In general, these results indicated that federal R&D spending does indeed nurture the development of an important nation-spanning advanced industrial production and R&D infrastructure anchored primarily by two dozed or so metro-regions. However, dominated as it is by a strong defense-industrial orientation, federal contract R&D spending would appear to constitute a relatively inefficient national economic development policy, at least as registered on conventional indicators. Federal contract R&D destined for the support of nondefense/civilian(Model I), nonprofit(Model II), and educational/research(Mode III) R&D agendas is associated with substantially greater regional employment and income impacts than is R&D funding disbursed by the Department of Defense. While federal R&D support from DOD(Model I) and for-profit(Model II) and industrial performer(Model III) contract R&D agendas are associated with positive regional economic impacts, they are substantially smaller than those associated with performers operating outside the defense industrial base. Moreover, evidence that the large-business sector mediates a small business sector(Model VI) justifies closer scrutiny of the relative contribution to economic growth and development made by these two sectors, as well as of the primacy typically accorded employment change as a conventional economic performance indicator. Ultimately, those regions receiving federal R&D spending have experienced measurable employment and income gains as a result. However, whether or not those gains could be improved by changing the composition -- and therefore the primary missions -- of federal R&D spending cannot be decided by merely citing evidence of its economic impacts of the kind reported here. Rather, that decision turns on a prior public choice relating to the trade-offs deemed acceptable between conventional employment and income gains, the strength of a nation's industrial base not reflected in such indicators, and the reigning conception of what constitutes national security -- military might or a competitive civilian economy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.347-351
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• 2007

This study was done to report the improvement of second case report form(CRF) and standard operating procedure(SOP) of Tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke. We were in charge of developing case report form(CRF) and educating the investigators. In the process of this project, we needed to develop standard operating procedure(SOP) for this CRF. So we made Tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke and tried clinical application at Department of Oriental Internal Medicine of Wonkwang University and Daejeon University in 2005. And in this pilot study we can find out some problems and need to improve it. We strengthen the incision and exclusion criteria of CRF We canceled the Chief complains entry for efficiency. We reflected the decision of Stroke standard committee. We reduced the differentiation index of CRF to promote efficiency and accuracy. We rearranged the order of the differentiation index to promote rationality and practicality. We regulated detail item belonging to Differentiation index. We used a colloquialism in question. We inserted flow chart in SOP. We inserted picture of diagnostic index.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.111-136
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• 2012

The global recession has made it more difficult for companies to invest in IT, and they are increasingly aware of the environmental costs of so doing. In these circumstances, cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm in the business IT sector. Governments, institutes and companies around the world, as well as specifically in Korea since 2009, have turned to this model of providing IT resources. This study is concerned to identify those characteristics of cloud computing that affect its introduction on a company's part; it offers a theoretical framework describing cloud services and seeks to establish causal linkages between antecedent factors and a company's introduction and application of this form of IT provision. The features of cloud computing in particular contexts that the study selected for analysis were its scalability, speed, security, potential compatibility with existing services, efficiency, economic feasibility, dependency and credibility. The study thus related these to whether or not cloud computing was adopted, verifying adjustment effects for cloud services. On the basis of a survey of enterprise IT decision-makers, it emerged through a statistical analysis of correlations that cloud computing's efficiency, economic feasibility and credibility had an effect on its introduction. This study's results should be of use to vendors and potential purchasers of cloud computing services. It is one of the first pieces of research on cloud computing from the customer perspective, based on the perceived characteristics of cloud services as they are seen and valued by users.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

This study aims to develop the Masan bay special management system of the point and nonpoint sources of pollution using GIS as part of the Integrated Management System of the Masan Bay Special Management Area and utilize Total Pollution Loads Management System in Masan Bay more systematically and scientifically. The result of the pollution sources management at the Masan bay in conjunction with GIS was made possible the comparison of the source of pollution and the pollutant load among each administration area. It also developed Arc-GIS watershed management program which enables to estimate the population for discharge facilities, the water use of domestic population and commercial population, and pollutant load and discharge load of COD, TN and TP by the administration areas, years, and usages. In addition, this study anticipated minimizing temporal, economical efforts in utilizing large amounts of property and space utilization data and expediting the decision making process of policies in relation to the systematic and effective management system of pollutant loads at the Masan bay area. Further studies are required to plan the systematic management of the point and nonpoint sources of pollution and complement the watershed management system using GIS program for pollutant load which enables to predict the current and future state of point and nonpoint sources.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Objectives: In this study, the meditation programs (${\alpha}$ version), which are properly coordinated according to the motion, breathing, and relaxation, are evaluated and researched upon to have positive effects on stress and in the area of psychology. Methods: Approved by the Clinical Trials Deliberation Committee in Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, this study collected data according to the applicant's consents, demographic information and anthropometry for the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis. Sasang Constitutional diagnosis measured the beta tools by Institute of Oriental Medicine and a decision tree was made for the Sasang Constitutional questionnaires. The STAI, STAXI, BDI, and HRV were measured before and after the meditation in order to compare the effects of meditation according to Sasang Constitution. The HRV was used as a ProComP KM Tech (co). Results: 1) The positive changes available in the Time-domain analysis of heart rate variability assessment showed that the peace of mind is increased. By analyzing the Sasang constitution, So-eum In's peace of mind included a physical stability of the autonomic nervous system. 2) According to the psychological scale evaluation, each depression scale, trait anger, anger-in, state anxiety and trait anxiety index proved significantly positive effects. By analyzing the Sasang constitution, Eun-In which involved So-eum In and Tae-eum In, had positive effects. 3) The psychological scale changed the group of diagnosed depression or anxiety, it did not mean that the psychological scale changes in the depression group, but the index of the anxiety group had been significantly reduced. This program had clinical effects for anxious patients and Eum-In which involved Tae-eum In and So-eum In according to the analysis of Sasang constitution. 4) Correlations between the gender of each psychological scale showed that women have overall low correlations, but, there were no significant changes. Conclusions: The meditation program developed by adequately mixing Action, relaxation and breathing shows that it is effective for overall Eum-in physical and mental relaxation and concentration. In the future, It will have to be developed Meditation program to show the same effect for all people.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

Colonic atresia (CA) is the rare cause of intestinal obstruction, and diagnosis of CA is difficult. But only few research has been performed, so little information has been available. The purposes of this study was to analyze the clinical findings of CA so that help physicians make decision properly. Children with CA who were treated at the division of pediatric surgery at Asan Medical Center in the period from January 1989 to December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 6 children were treated with CA. These accounted for 2.7% of all gastrointestinal atresias managed in Asan Medical Center. Only one child was premature and low birth weight, the others were fullterm neonates and showed normal birth weight. Vomiting and abdominal distension were common symptoms and simple X-ray and barium study were used for diagnose of CA. But only 66.7% of the babies were diagnosed as CA pre-operatively. And 2 children out of 6 underwent re-operation due to missed CA at the time of the first operation. In aspect of types of atresia, the type IIIa were two, type IV were two, type I was one case, and one child showed rectal stenosis due to rectal web. Various operations were done according to individual findings and associated diseases. The 50% (n=3) of children underwent the primary anastomosis and the others (n=3) underwent colostomy first and staged operation later for missed CA or associated disease. All of them were recovered any significant complications. Therefore, the prognosis of CA is satisfactory if diagnosis and surgical management could be made properly. But because of the low incidence of CA, delay of diagnosis and treatment may occur. To prevent delay of diagnosis, we suggest prompt evaluation of doubtful infant and careful inspection of distal patency of bowel including whole colon and rectum when operating patients with intestinal atresia at any level.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.254-279
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• 2012

This research aims to suggest a practical solution in order to make marriage immigrant women free from violence and stand on their own. The suggestion could be made by developing Substantive theory in terms of marriage immigrant women's coping with domestic violence. The research question is; How marriage immigrant women cope with domestic violence. The research used a route theory approach, and 11 of marriage immigrant women who have ever suffered from domestic violence participated in it. The research question used semi-structured open questions. As a result of paradigm model analysis, "mental and physical devastation" is defined as a core phenomenon, and causative conditions are "wheel of pain" and "helpless victims of violence". Besides, context conditions are "period growth with solitariness", "irrational marriage" and "indifferent reality". "Mental and physical devastation", the core phenomenon act and interact with effect of mediatory conditions; which are "social help", "cultural difference" and "helplessness". Here the action and reaction appear as "adaptation", "resistance", "self-protection" and "self-reinforcement", and the outcomes show up as "maintaining reality", "decision making" and "beginning a new life". "Coping with mental and physical devastation and standing on one's own feet" could be introduced as a core category. Process of coping with domestic violence presents its levels as; shocks ${\rightarrow}$ endurance ${\rightarrow}$ regret ${\rightarrow}$ overcoming. There are three patterns of coping, which are; "preserving realities", "returning", and "groping for the future".

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.118-129
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• 2011

This Study has developed the information system of the rivers based on 3D image GIS by converging the latest information technology of GIS(Geographic Information System), RS(Remote Sensing), GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System), aerial laser survey(LiDAR) with real time network technology in order to understand the current situation of all the four major rivers and support the administrative management system. The said information system acquires the high resolution aerial photographs of 25cm, aerial laser survey and water depth surveying data to express precise space information on the whole Youngsan River which is the leading project site out of the four river sites. Monitoring the site is made available on the transporting means such as a helicopter, boat or a bus in connection with locational coordinate tracking skill for the moving objects in real time using GNSS. It makes monitoring all the information on the four river job sites available at a glance, which can obtain the reliability of the people to such vast areas along with enhancing the recognition of the people by publicity of four Rivers Revitalizing Project and reports thereof.