• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2006

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) have mutualistic symbiosis with plants and thus efforts have been placed on application of these symbiotic relationships to agricultural and environmental fields. In this study, AM fungi were collected from 25 sites growing with 16 host plant species in Korea and cultured with Sorghum bicolor in greenhouse condition. AM fungal spores were extracted and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Using morphological characters, total 15 morpho-speices were identified. DNA was extracted from single spore of AM fungi and a partial region on 18S rDNA was amplified using nested PCR with AM fungal specific primers AML1/AML2. A total of 36 18S rDNA sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic analysis and 15 groups of AM fungi were identified using both morphological and molecular data of spores. Among the species, 4 species, Archaeospora leptoticha, Scutellospora castanea, S. cerradensis, S. weresubiae were described for the first time in Korea and two species in Glomus and a species in Gigaspora were not identified. Morphological and molecular identification of AM fungal spores in this study would help identify AM fungal community colonizing roots.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

The contribution of plant nutrition status in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant to the nutrient acquisition by extraradical hyphae of AM fungi was investigated using cucumber colonized with Glomus intraradicies (BEG 110) focusing on the Zn. Compartmentalized pots with separated Bones for hyphal growth were used to determine the contribution of extraradical AM hyphae to Zn uptake from hyphal zones. $0.5\;{\mu}M$ Zn was supplied into the hyphal zones as nutrient solution (10 mL/day) with a form of $ZnSO_4$. Zn foliar application was made two times for one week before harvest (8 mL/plant). The colonization rate by AM were high in all of Zn treatments. The dry weight of cucumber increased by AM colonization compared to those of non-mycorrhizal counterpart. However: Zn foliar application resulted in no significant difference in dry weight between mycorrhizal- and non-mycorrhizal plant. In addition, the enhancement of Zn content in cucumber shoot by AM colonization were also reduced by Zn foliar application. These results indicate that the interaction between host plant and AM fungus for nutrient uptake might be related to plant nutritional status and nutrient contents. In consequence, higher Zn contents in host plant by foliar application of Zn could restrict the role of extraradical hyphae of AM fungus on the Zn acquisition and transfer from fungus to host plant.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2022

Orchids live with mycorrhizal fungi in mutualism. This symbiotic relationship plays an essential role in the overall life cycle of orchids from germination, growth, settlement, and reproduction. Among the 1000 species of the orchid, the Korean lady's slipper, Cypripedium japonicum, is known as an endangered species. Currently, only five natural habitats of the Korean lady's slipper remain in South Korea, and the population of Korean lady's slipper in their natural habitat is not increasing. To prevent extinction, this study was designed to understand the fungal community interacting in the rhizosphere of the Korean lady's slipper living in the native and artificial habitats. In-depth analyses were performed to discover the vital mycorrhizal fungi contributing to habitat expansion and cultivation of the endangered orchid species. Our results suggested that Lycoperdon nigrescens contributed most to the increase in natural habitats and Russula violeipes as a characteristic of successful cultivation. And the fungi that helped L. nigrescens and R. violeipes to fit into the rhizosphere community in Korean lady's slipper native place were Paraboeremia selaginellae and Metarhizium anisopliae, respectively. The findings will contribute to restoring and maintaining the endangered orchid population in natural habitats.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Mycorrhiza refers to the association between a plant and a fungus colonizing the cortical tissue of the plant's roots during periods of active plant growth. The benefits afforded by plants from mycorrhizal symbioses can be characterized either agronomically, based on increased growth and yield, or ecologically, based on improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). In either case, the benefit accrues primarily because mycorrhizal fungi form a critical linkage between plant roots and the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. This mycorrhizae-mediated mechanism increases the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. There are seven major types of mycorrhizae along with mycoheterotrophy: endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM), ectomycorrhizae (EM), ectendomycorrhizae, monotropoid, arbutoid, orchid, and ericoid. Endomycorrhizal fungi form arbuscules or highly branched structures within root cortical cells, giving rise to arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may produce extensive extramatrical hyphae and significantly increase phosphorus inflow rates in the plants they colonize. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may produce large quantities of hyphae on the root and in the soil; these hyphae play a role in absorption and translocation of inorganic nutrients and water, and also release nutrients from litter layers by producing enzymes involved in mineralization of organic matters. Over 4,000 fungal species, primarily belonging to Basidiomycotina and to a lesser extent Ascomycotina, are able to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce various mushrooms on the forest floor that are traded at a high price. In this paper, we discuss the benefits, nutrient cycles, and artificial cultivation of mycorrhizae in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.38-48
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• 1996

The survival or colonization of beneficial organsisms and suppression of root rot of ginseng (Panax ginseng) by two distinct bacteria, Pseudomonas cepacia, Bacillus cereus and three mycorrhiza in pot soil were investigated and compared with uninoculated root. In separate inoculation, colonization of roots by P. cepacia was maintained at 6.25 (log cfu/g root) during growth for 10 days under pot culture conditions comparing to $5.62{\sim}6.19$ by mixed treatment with other organisms. Colonizations of P. cepacia were gradually decreased from 6.25 (log cfu/g root) in 10 days growth to 3.01 (log cfu/g root) in 270 days incubation period. This reduction was also investgated in combination treatments by B. cereus or F. solani. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were colonized high number in rhizosphere soil from 3.33 to 3.67 (log cfu/g root) in control within $10{\sim}60$days after treatment of pathogen F. solani, but it's numbers were markedly decreased in 270 days cultivation of plant from 3.33 to 1.02 (log cfu/g root) after treatment. In treatment of beneficial strains of P. cepacia and B. cereus, P. cepacia significantly suppressed the development of root rot from 4.3 in control to 1.2 in treatment, whereas B. cereus alone had no effect on the rate of disease suppression. The disease index $(1.8{\sim}2.3)$ in combination of two bacteria was reduced in plants inoculated with both P. cepacia and B. cereus comparing to the index (4.3) of control. As an effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza on disease suppression, suppression of root rot by F. solani was reduced to $1.2{\sim}1.6$ in disease index in treatment of Glomus albidum and Acaulospora longular comparing to 4.3 of control. In the treatment of bacterial strain P. cepacia and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus albidum, the disease suppression was apparent to 1.2 and 1.2 comparing to 4.3 of control in disease index respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2018

We use two different methods for laboratory propagation from seed of lady's slipper orchid(Cypripedium macranthos Sw.); immature seed which also called green capsule or fully mature seed about 120~130 days from pollination. In green capsule culture, the seed pods should be collected within precisely right time. The right time of seed collection could be diverse under the wether conditions or nutritional factors of the plants. In fully matured seed culture, the more complicated procedures are needed to break the dormancy of the seed; thermal or chemical treatment. The seedlings in this study were easily germinated from immature seeds in Harvais medium; 53 days after pollination(DAP) in Cypripedium pubescens, DAP 65 in C. parviflorum and C. macranthos. The germinated seedlings were transplanted to hormone free media immediately to avoid abnormal growth of seedlings. When the seedlings have roots with a minimum length of around 2-3cm and have visible dormant buds, the seedlings were removed from the flask and stored in refrigerator for vernalization. To examine the correlation of seedlings and maternal plants, the 125 seedlings of C. macranthos were transplanted in the soil bed at a distance of 20-100 cm from mother plants on April 20. The survival rate of seedlings were 92% in 20 cm distance from the ripe plants, and 56 % in 100 cm distance. The seedlings which were transplanted near mother plants showed vigorous growth in plant height, leaf width, and especially dormant buds. Considering the existence of mycorrhiza which is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a orchid vascular, the various fungus from mother plants could affect the growth of the seedlings. These results indicate the possibility of high and stable production and practical industrialization of endangered lady's slipper orchids.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 1985

Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa cuttings in nursery bed were inoculated with mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) to evaluate effectiveness of the fungus in growth stimulation of poplar. Pt was cultured in 1l glass bottles with vermiculite-peatmoss mixture moistened with modified Melin-Norkrans' solution. The nursery bed was arranged for microplots of $1{\times}2m$ in size and fumigated with methyl bromide before inoculation and cutting placement. Fifty cuttings were placed in each microplot and two treatments (fumigation only and fumigation plus Pt inoculation) were replicated three times. At the end of the first growing season, inoculated plants grew 19% faster in height and produced 49% more dry weight (above-ground portion) than uninoculated plants. Survival rate of inoculated cuttings was also improved by 20% over that of uninoculated cuttings. Inoculated cuttings developed abundant fine root system with golden brown zigzag tips. In the middle of September a sporocarp of Pt was produced from an inoculated plot, suggesting successful establishment of mycorrhiza between poplar and Pt fungus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.306-318
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• 1995

To investigate the effect of low light intensities and the inoculation of Frankia and/or Alpova diplophloeus on the symbioses development and their host growth, red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings were grown in an air - filtered walk - in growth chamber with either $N_2$ - fixing Frankia inoculation or N - fertilization and live or dead spore inoculation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus A. diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith. When they were 20 weeks old, the seedlings were grown under three levels of light intensities of 680, 320 and $220{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) for three weeks. PPFD of 220 significantly decreased the development of A. diplophloeus mycorrhizae and nodules, the rates of $N_2$ - fixation and $CO_2$ exchange, and the growth of tile seedlings. PPFD 320 significantly decreased the $CO_2$ exchange rate only. Frankia inoculation significantly increased mycorrhiza formation and seedling growth. Alpova inoculation significantly increased seedling growth but not nodule development and $N_2$ - fixation. None of the symbionts affected $CO_2$ exchange rates. Frankia was more critical for seedling growth and mycorrhizal development than the mycorrhizal fungus for seedling growth and nodule development.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2000

To determine whether the Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom, Songyi) is symbiotic or parasitic to Pinus densiflora, structural change in their natural ectomycorrhizas were examined. The mycorrhizal samples were collected at three progressional points in the natural hypogeous colony(shiro) : colony front edge, near the fruiting point and 20cm back. The fine roots in the colonies were typical ectomycorrhizas with fungal mantle and Hartig net. However, the T. matsutake mycorrhizas had unique characteristics compared to other types of ectomycorrhizas. That is, spatially the fungal mantle and Hartig net of the T. matsutake mycorrhizas continued to develop along the growing tip, while temporally those structures declined to shrink changing to black brown in the older part of the roots behind the actively growing tip portion. However, there was no mark that the fungal hyphae penetrated into either the cortical cells, endodermal cell layers or stele. The apical tips of the blackened roots remained alive to form new mycorrhizas with other fungi later. Therefore, we conclude that the mycorrhiza of T. matsutake+P. densiflora is rather a dynamic symbiosis that changes its position spatiotemporally as the root grows than either a simple parasitism or symbiosis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 1996

Red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings inoculated with Frankia only or both Frankia and spores of Alpova diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith were grown in a greenhouse for ten weeks. The ten-week-old seedlings were fertilized with six nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) fertility regimes (no fertilization, 10mM $NH_4NO_3$, 50mM $NH_4NO_3$, 5mM $KH_2PO_4$, 10mM $NH_4NO_3+5mM$ $KH_2PO_4$, and 50mM $NH_4NO_3+5mM$ $KH_2PO_4$) three times a week for ten weeks. The higher N-fertilization significantly increased mycorrhiza formation by greenhouse contaminant mycorrhizal fungi, but decreased N-fixation and P concentration in nodule tissues. P-fertilization significantly increased nodule and shoot dry weight, and P concentration in plant tissues. When N was highly fertilized, however, the P-fertilization effect disappeared in nodule P concentration but doubled in leaf P concentration. A. diplophloeus inoculation significantly increased diameter growth and $CO_2$ exchange rate, but decreased leaf dry weight. Our results suggest that the higher N- or P-fertilization affect nitrogenase activity and mycorrhizal development but the effects are changed by their interactions.