• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2014

This study aimed to provide the fundamental data on the field of cosmetics by comparing heavy metal concentration in terms of domestic/foreign products, types and colors. The study determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, antimony, nickel, copper and cobalt in cosmetics such as lipstick, lip gloss, lip balm, foundation and eye liner. From the period of January to August, 2013, 121 samples were collected from cosmetic stores distributing to the general market. The average metal concentrations were as follows; $0.663{\mu}g/g$ for lead, $0.010{\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, $0.056{\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, $1.144{\mu}g/g$ for chromium, $0.008{\mu}g/g$ for antimony, $0.405{\mu}g/g$ for nickel, $0.319{\mu}g/g$ for copper and $0.108{\mu}g/g$ for cobalt. Except for chromium, the heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in foreign products than in domestic products (p < 0.05). Also, The mean concentrations of heavy metal were significantly different (p < 0.05) when classified by cosmetic type. The highest mean concentrations shown in lipstick were $1.430{\mu}g/g$ of chromium, $0.616{\mu}g/g$ of lead and $0.385{\mu}g/g$ of nickel, in foundation $1.155{\mu}g/g$ of lead and $1.023{\mu}g/g$ of chromium. In eye liner, the highest mean concentrations were $1.424{\mu}g/g$ of chromium and $0.830{\mu}g/g$ of nickel. Additionally, The concentrations of heavy metal were significantly different by color (p < 0.05). Brown colored cosmetics were found to have the highest mean concentrations of chromium, nickel and copper, ivory colored cosmetics the highest mean concentrations of chromium and lead, and pink colored cosmetics the highest concentrations of lead and chromium.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

The paper presents the results of qualitative analysis of phthalate esteres in Miho stream in of Cheongju city. Phthalate esters (Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate, Di-n-butylphthalate) are widely used as plasticizers to increase the flexibility and workability of high-molecular-weight polymer. For water phase, DEHP concentration in upper stream and down stream were $12-18{\mu}g/{\ell}$ and $11-21{\mu}g/{\ell}$, respectively. For sediment phase, DEHP concentration in upper stream and down stream were $0.07-0.82{\mu}g/g$ (dry) and $0.06-0.92{\mu}g/g$ (dry), respectively. Also, DnBP concentration of sediment in same site were $0.04-0.25{\mu}g/g$ (dry) and $0.08-0.34{\mu}g/g$ (dry), respectively. DEHP and DnBP concentration of water phase in the small stream of industrial area were $13-28{\mu}g/{\ell}$ and $2-8{\mu}g/{\ell}$, respectively. DEHP and DnBP concentration of sediment phase in the small stream of industrial area were $0.12-0.7{\mu}g/g$ (dry) and $0.17-2.16{\mu}g/g$ (dry), respectively. Phthatlate esteres in water and sediments phase of Miho stream were lower than water bodies around the world.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.38-38
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• 2017

Water stress obstructs rice growth mainly by oxidative damage in biological cells to cause a reduction of leaf photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. In this study, exogenous application of vanillic acid (VA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) to improve drought tolerance of two Oryza sativa cultivars, Q2 and Q8 was tested. The drought evaluation based on leaf phenotypes to show that both Q2 and Q8 resulted in remarkable water-stress tolerance induced by leaf spraying pretreatment of mixed solution of $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$. The mixtures of $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treated on Q2 and Q8 in water deficit condition also indicated that total phenols, total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly greater their controls. In general, the accumulation of individual phenolic acids was increased in exogenous phenolic treatments, as compared with controls. Particularly, Q2 obtained a considerable amount of endogenous PHBA after application of $50{\mu}M\;VA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ (0.18 mg/g DW, 0.71 mg/g DW, and 1.41 mg/g DW, respectively); and a negligible content of VA (0.003 mg/g DW) appeared uniquely in the treatment of $50{\mu}M\;VA$. Similarly, Q8 also absorbed a significant quantity of PHBA in $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treatments (0.15 mg/g DW, 0.15 mg/g DW, and 0.22 mg/g DW, respectively). In addition, the spraying $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ on Q8 leaves induced similar amount of drought tolerance of Q2 and Q8 were improved, paralleled with the increased amounts of endogenous phenolics revealed that VA and PHBA played an important role to enhance drought tolerance in rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2017

Water stress obstructs rice growth mainly by oxidative damage in biological cells to cause a reduction of leaf photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. In this study, exogenous application of vanillic acid (VA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) to improve drought tolerance of two Oryza sativa cultivars, Q2 and Q8 was tested. The drought evaluation based on leaf phenotypes to show that both Q2 and Q8 resulted in remarkable water-stress tolerance induced by leaf spraying pretreatment of mixed solution of $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$. The mixtures of $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treated on Q2 and Q8 in water deficit condition also indicated that total phenols, total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly greater their controls. In general, the accumulation of individual phenolic acids was increased in exogenous phenolic treatments, as compared with controls. Particularly, Q2 obtained a considerable amount of endogenous PHBA after application of $50{\mu}M\;VA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ (0.18 mg/g DW, 0.71 mg/g DW, and 1.41 mg/g DW, respectively); and a negligible content of VA (0.003 mg/g DW) appeared uniquely in the treatment of $50{\mu}M\;VA$. Similarly, Q8 also absorbed a significant quantity of PHBA in $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treatments (0.15 mg/g DW, 0.15 mg/g DW, and 0.22 mg/g DW, respectively). In addition, the spraying $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ on Q8 leaves induced similar amount of VA (0.04 mg/g DW). Meanwhile, there were no trace of VA and PHBA found in controls. The levels of drought tolerance of Q2 and Q8 were improved, paralleled with the increased amounts of endogenous phenolics revealed that VA and PHBA played an important role to enhance drought tolerance in rice.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2010

This study attempts to propose ways to optimize and improve the period of hospitalization for the radioiodine treatment by calculating the dose rate of patients treated with high-dose radioiodine by distance and time slot. As a result, 24 hours after the patient was treated with 100 mCi high-dose iodine, the dose rate was attenuated to $1,035{\mu}Sv/hr$ at the navel, to $109{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 50 cm, and to $33{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 100 cm. 24 hours after the patient was treated with 150 mCi high-dose iodine, the dose rate was attenuated to $637{\mu}Sv/hr$ at the navel, to $100{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 50 cm, and to $40{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 100 cm. 24 hours after the patient was treated with 180 mCi high-dose iodine, the dose rate was attenuated to $1,251{\mu}Sv/hr$ at the navel, $140{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 50 cm, and to $56{\mu}Sv/hr$ at 100 cm. In light of the current criterion for discharge recommended by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission being $70.4{\mu}Sv/hr$, the present study indicates earlier discharge is feasible by applying a new scheme. This suggests that the proposed scheme in this study will help to solve the problem of shortage of treatment beds with the increasing trend of patients with thyroid cancer taken into consideration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-77
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• 2002

Objective : This study was undertaken to determine which compound of Bee Venom for herb-acupuncture has cytotoxicity on mouse mast cell line. Methods : We compared crude bee venom and its compounds such as melittin, mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD peptide), apamin with control groups on cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results & Conclusion : 1. Crude bee venom showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 hour treatment with $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in comparison with control group in 1 hour treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but it showed no significant cytotoxic effect in 6 hours treatment. 2. Melittin group showed no significant cytotoxic effect in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 3. MCD peptide and Apamin group showed no significant cytotoxic effect in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with low concentration of $10-4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ $10-3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $10-1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 4. Crude bee venom showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 and 6 hours treatment in comparison with control group in 1 and 6 hours treatment with high concentration of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $102{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 5. Melittin group showed significant cytotoxic effect(p<0.01) in 1 hour treatment in comparison with control group in 1 hour treatment with high concentration of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ but it showed no significant cytotoxic effect in 6 hours treatment. 6. Crude bee venom and its compounds have more cytotoxic effect in 1 hour treatment than in 6 hours treatment. It means cytotoxicity tends to decrease according to the treatment time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.986-990
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• 2003

The living Glass puffers, Takifugu niphobles (Bogseom as Korean name), 10 specimens, were purchased at Tongyeong traditional fisheries market every month from November, 2001 to October, 2002, and tested anatomical distribution of the toxicity such as muscle, skin, intestine, liver and ovary by mouse bioassay method. Significant seasonal variations of the toxicity were not shown in muscle, skin, intestine and liver except having lower toxicity in spawning season (May and June) than non-spawning seasons. 92 specimens (76.7%) out of 120 ones were non toxic (below 10 MU/g) for the edible and 28 ones (23.3%) were weakly toxic (10 MU/g∼l00 MU/g) for the non-edible in muscle ranged between 0 MU/g and 46.4 MU/g. All of those toxicity were shown over 10 MU/g in skin for the non-edible in skin ranged from 10.0 MU/g to 674.4 MU/g. Toxicity range in intestine and liver was varied between non-toxic and strongly toxic (over 1,000 MU/g) for individual specimens. Toxicity range of the ovary found only in May (7 specimens) and June (1 specimens) was 84.2 MU/g to 2,191.3 MU/g.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 1996

Kinetic properties of typsins purified from dark-fleshed fish (anchovy, mackerel, yellowfin tuna, and albacore) were examined and analyzed on $benzoyl-_{D,L}-arginine-p-nitroanilide\;(BAPNA)$. The values of Km' and $k_{cat}$ of the purified trypsins from the four dark-fleshed fish were found to be $49.3{\mu}M$ and $90.9\;min^{-1}$ for anchovy, $53.7{\mu}M$ and $61.2min-^{-1}$ for mackerel A, $96.5{\mu}M$ and $76.6min^{-1}$ for mackerel B, $62.8{\mu}M$ and $46.6min^{-1}$ for yellowfin tuna, and $98.3{\mu}M$ and $47.7min^{-1}$ for albacore, respectively. The values of $K_i$ on $tosyl-_L-lysine$ chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) were determined to be $20.90{\mu}M$ for anchovy trypsin, $2.86{\mu}M$ for mackerel trypsin A, $3.90{\mu}M$ for mackerel trypsin B, $0.96{\mu}M$ for yellowfin tuna trypsin, and $1.82{\mu}M$ for albacore trypsin. Thus yellowfin tuna trypsin was the most sensitive to TLCK among all trypsins. The activities and catalytic efficiency of the trypsins purified from the temperate zone fish, anchovy and mackerel, were higher than those of the trypsins purified from yellowfin tuna and albacore which migrate widely from the tropic zone to the temperate zone.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted to analyse the effects of flavone supplementation on the preimplantation development of in-vitro produced porcine embryos. During in-vitro development, immature oocytes and early embryos were exposed to different concentrations of flavone (0, $1{\mu}M$, $25{\mu}M$, $50{\mu}M$, and $100{\mu}M$ respectively). Results showed that $100{\mu}M$ of flavone significantly reduced the intracellular ROS levels of oocytes accompanied with a significant rise in GSH level. In parthenogenesis, no significant change was observed in the cleavage rates whether flavone was supplemented in IVM or IVC media. In IVM supplemented group, the blastocyst development rate was significantly enhanced by $1{\mu}M$ concentration than other groups (51.5% vs. 41.3%, 44.0%, 36.3%, 31.7%; P<0.05) respectively. However, in IVC group $1{\mu}M$ concentration significantly improved the blastocysts production than $50{\mu}M$ and control groups (50.0% vs. 40.5%, 38.0%; P<0.05) respectively. Following nuclear transfer, the cleavage rate of IVM group was significantly more in $1{\mu}M$ than $50{\mu}M$ and $100{\mu}M$ groups (92.9% vs. 89.7%, 87.8%; P<0.05), followed by similar pattern of cloned blastocysts production being significantly higher in $1{\mu}M$ group than $50{\mu}M$, $100{\mu}M$ and control groups (16.8% vs. 9.0%, 7.1%, 12.8%; P<0.05) respectively. In IVC group, $1{\mu}M$ concentration resulted in significantly higher cleavage rate than $25{\mu}M$ and $50{\mu}M$ groups (91.7% vs. 87.8%, 88.8%; P<0.05) respectively. However, the blastocysts production was significantly higher in $100{\mu}M$ group than others (26.2% vs. 13.6%, 14.0%, 18.2%; P<0.05) respectively. The optimal concentrations of flavone significantly enhanced the percentages of ICM:TE than control group (43.8% vs. 37.6%; P<0.05) accompanied with significantly higher expression levels of reprogramming related genes. In conclusion, the optimal concentrations of $1{\mu}M$ during IVM and $100{\mu}M$ during IVC can significantly improve the production of porcine in-vitro embryos.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2014

Purpose : Photoneutron dose in high-energy photon radiotherapy at linear accelerator increase the risk for secondary cancer. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the dose variation of photoneutron with different treatment method, flattening filter, dose rate and gantry angle in radiation therapy with high-energy photon beam ($E{\geq}8MeV$). Materials and Methods : TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$(Ver1.5, Varian, USA) and Korea Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (KTEPC) were used to detect the photoneutron dose out of the high-energy photon field. Complex Patient plans using Eclipse planning system (Version 10.0, Varian, USA) was used to experiment with different treatment technique(IMRT, VMAT), condition of flattening filter and three different dose rate. Scattered photoneutron dose was measured at eight different gantry angles with open field (Field size : $5{\time}5cm$). Results : The mean values of the detected photoneutron dose from IMRT and VMAT were $449.7{\mu}Sv$, $2940.7{\mu}Sv$. The mean values of the detected photoneutron dose with Flattening Filter(FF) and Flattening Filter Free(FFF) were measured as $2940.7{\mu}Sv$, $232.0{\mu}Sv$. The mean values of the photoneutron dose for each test plan (case 1, case 2 and case 3) with FFF at the three different dose rate (400, 1200, 2400 MU/min) were $3242.5{\mu}Sv$, $3189.4{\mu}Sv$, $3191.2{\mu}Sv$ with case 1, $3493.2{\mu}Sv$, $3482.6{\mu}Sv$, $3477.2{\mu}Sv$ with case 2 and $4592.2{\mu}Sv$, $4580.0{\mu}Sv$, $4542.3{\mu}Sv$ with case 3, respectively. The mean values of the photoneutron dose at eight different gantry angles ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $225^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$, $315^{\circ}$) were measured as $3.2{\mu}Sv$, $4.3{\mu}Sv$, $5.3{\mu}Sv$, $11.3{\mu}Sv$, $14.7{\mu}Sv$, $11.2{\mu}Sv$, $3.7{\mu}Sv$, $3.0{\mu}Sv$ at 10MV and as $373.7{\mu}Sv$, $369.6{\mu}Sv$, $384.4{\mu}Sv$, $423.6{\mu}Sv$, $447.1{\mu}Sv$, $448.0{\mu}Sv$, $384.5{\mu}Sv$, $377.3{\mu}Sv$ at 15MV. Conclusion : As a result, it is possible to reduce photoneutron dose using FFF mode and VMAT method with TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$. The risk for secondary cancer of the patients will be decreased with continuous evaluation of the photoneutron dose.