• 농업과학연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2008

The self-supply rate of Korea in 2006 was approximately 27.3 % by importing 13.99Mt for 19.79Mt of demanded amount. Among the imported crops, wheat, corn, and soybean consumed 95 % for the total imported amount, and wheat, corn, and soybean were 3.5Mt(Table use : 0.22Mt; Feed stuff : 0.13Mt), 8.7Mt(Table use : 0.19Mt; Feed stuff : 0.68Mt), and 1.2Mt (Table use : 0.03Mt; Feed stuff : 0.09Mt), respectively. On the other hand, our government has prepared the strategies for a great fear of food according to sharp price rise of the international crops by maintaining the self-supply rate of 5 % excluding 5.23Mt of rice in Korea. Also concern for recycled energy known as future energy for era of high oil price and global warming due to green house gas is rapidly growing. Therefore, our country which has relied on import of the whole oil needed in Korea and has to keep Kyoto Agent to request reduction of green house gas fully support research and practical use for agricultural products as resource of alternate energy. At first, we have to develop the mass production technology in order to secure a program of self-supply of food for bioenergy production utilizing agricultural product in Korea. But we assume that this matter is difficult to achieve under the current agriculture system that more emphasizes the environment conservation such as environmentally-friendly agriculture than production of food.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2020

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in endothelial dysfunction due to persistent inflammation is a key component and emerging concept in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), an active compound from red ginseng, has been known to be important for vascular homeostasis. However, the effect of Rg3 on inflammation-induced EndMT has never been reported. Here, we hypothesize that Rg3 might reverse the inflammation-induced EndMT and serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular diseases. Methods: EndMT was examined under an inflammatory condition mediated by the NOD1 agonist, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The expression of EndMT markers was determined by Western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry. The underlying mechanisms of Rg3-mediated EndMT regulation were investigated by modulating the microRNA expression. Results: The NOD1 agonist, iE-DAP, led to a fibroblast-like morphology change with a decrease in the expression of endothelial markers and an increase in the expression of the mesenchymal marker, namely EndMT. On the other hand, Rg3 markedly attenuated the iE-DAP-induced EndMT and preserved the endothelial phenotype. Mechanically, miR-139 was downregulated in cells with iE-DAP-induced EndMT and partly reversed in response to Rg3 via the regulation of NF-κB signaling, suggesting that the Rg3-miR-139-5p-NF-κB axis is a key mediator in iE-DAP-induced EndMT. Conclusion: These results suggest, for the first time, that Rg3 can be used to inhibit inflammation-induced EndMT and may be a novel therapeutic option against EndMT-associated vascular diseases.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2011

한반도 고유종인 묵납자루(Acheilognathus signifer)로부터 metallothionein(MT) 유전자를 분리하고 그 유전자 구조와 발현 특징을 분석하였다. 묵납자루 MT cDNA는 20개의 시스테인(cysteines)을 포함한 60개의 아미노산을 암호화하고 있었고, 이들 시스테인 잔기들의 위치는 잉어목 어류에서 잘 보전되어 있었다. 묵납자루 MT 유전자는 3개의 exon과 2개의 intron으로 구성되어 있었으며 intron영역은 A/T조성 빈도가 높았다. 생물정보 분석법을 통해 묵납자루 MT 유전자의 프로모터 영역은 중금속 조절 빛 스트레스/면역관련 조절에 관련한 다양한 전사 조절인자들의 부착 위치들이 보유하고 있는 것으로 예측되었다. Real-time RT-PCR 분석법을 이용한 묵납자루 MT mRNA의 조직 별 발현 수준을 조사한 결과, 난소와 장 조직에서의 발현 수준이 가장 높았으며 성장과 근욕 조직에서의 발현 수준이 가장 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 구리를 이용한 중금속 노출 실험(구리 농도 $0.5\;{\mu}M$을 이용, 48 시간 동안 침지 처리)을 통하여 간 조직에서 MT mRNA 발현이 가장 많이 유도되었고(3.5배 이상), 비장, 신장 및 아가미에서도 유의적인 발현양의 증가(1.5~2.5배)가 관찰되었다. 그러나 뇌 및 장 조직에서는 MT 발현양의 변화가 없었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 멸종위기 고유종인 묵납자루의 중금속 관련 스트레스 연구에 유용한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2022

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for a wide range of cellular responses in plants, including defense responses, responses to abiotic stress, hormone signaling, and developmental processes. Recent investigations have shown that the stress, ethylene, and MAPK signaling pathways negatively affect the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules by directly modulating the symbiotic signaling components. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense responses mediated by MAPK signaling in the organogenesis of nitrogen-fixing nodules remain unclear. In the present study, I demonstrate that the Medicago truncatula mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MtMKK5)-Medicago truncatula mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 (MtMPK3/6) signaling module, expressed specifically in the symbiotic nodules, promotes defense signaling, but not ethylene signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting nodule development in M. truncatula. U0126 treatment resulted in increased cell division in the nodule meristem zone due to the inhibition of MAPK signaling. The phosphorylated TEY motif in the activation domain of MtMPK3/6 was the target domain associated with specific interactions with MtMKK5. I have confirmed the physical interactions between M. truncatula nodule inception (MtNIN) and MtMPK3/6. In the presence of high expression levels of the defense-related genes FRK1 and WRKY29, MtMKK5a overexpression significantly enhanced the defense responses of Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Overall, my data show that the negative regulation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodule organogenesis by defense signaling pathways is mediated by the MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 module.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2012

대구 팔공산의 문화 역사 생태적 가치를 파악하기 위해 문헌, 인터뷰, 현장답사를 진행하였고, 이를 토대로 팔공산 활용방안을 모색하여 다음과 같은 연구결과를 얻었다. 1) 팔공산의 자연지리적 범위는 협의의 범위(화강암산지로 구성된 팔공산괴), 광의의 범위( 팔공산괴에 접하는 접촉변성암지대까지 포함)로 구분된다. 문화적 범위는 대구(달성군 제외)와 경북의 경산시 영천시 군위군 칠곡군(동명면과 기성면)으로 생각해 볼 수 있다. 2) 남서사면이 북동사면에 비해 지질적 경계가 다소 분명하다. 팔공산에는 토르, 판상절리지형, 거터 등이 보편적으로 발달하며, 남서사면은 산지지형(암괴류, 다각형 균열바위 현상)이, 북동사면은 하천지형(하식애, 폭포, 포트홀, 소)이 상대적으로 우세하다. 3) 팔공산의 명품 관광단지 조성을 위해서는 팔공산에 산재하는 다양한 명품 이야기 거리를 발굴하는(스토리텔링) 것이 필요하다. 4) 팔공산의 체계적 관리를 위해 팔공산의 국립공원 지정이 요구되며, 나아가 팔공산 제천단의 복원과 갓바위의 세계문화유산 등재를 통한 팔공산 정체성 확보와 대구의 브랜드 가치제고를 위한 마스터플랜이 마련되어야 한다. 5) 팔공산의 개발방식은'느림'에 토대를 둔'슬로우 라이프 타운'형태가 바람직하며, '팔공산 박물관'조성을 통해 탐방객들에게 팔공산에 관한 모든 정보를 한 자리에서 통합적으로 제공해 줄 수 있는 즉, one stop service가 이루어질 수 있어야 한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2003

본 시험은 제주지역에서 재식밀도(30${\times}$30cm, 30${\times}$25cm, 30${\times}$20cm, 30${\times}$15cm, 30${\times}$10cm)에 따른 제주재래 대두의 생육형질, 수량성 및 사료가치를 검토하고 가축조사료로 이용하기 위하여 2002년 5월 11일부터 9월 10일까지 수행하였던 결과는 다음과 같다. 개화기까지의 일수는 밀식함에 따라 94일에서 98일로 지연되었다. 초장은 30${\times}$30cm 재식구에서 103cm로 작은 편이었으나 밀식할수록 점차적으로 커져서 30${\times}$10cm 재식구에서 초장은 117cm 였다. 분지수, 엽수, 경직경, 개체중, 근장 및 근중은 밀식할수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 재식밀도가 30${\times}$30cm에 30${\times}$15cm로 밀식함에 따라 생초수량은 23.3MT/ha에서 36.5 MT/ha로, 건물수량은 5.1MT/ha에서 8.0MT/ha, 단백질수량은 0.8MT/ha에서 1.4MT/ha로, TDN 수량은 2.9MT/ha에서 4.8MT/ha. 증수되었으나 그 이상인 30${\times}$10cm 재식구에서는 감수되는 경향이었다. 밀식함에 따라 조단백질 함량은 16.2%에서 17.9%로, 조지방 함량은 2.7%에서 3.7%로, 가용무질소물은 37.6%에서 40.7%로, TDN 함량은 56.1%에서 60.0%로 증가되었으나 이와는 반대로 조섬유 함량은 34.9%에서 30.8 %로, 조회분 함량은 8.6%에서 7.2%로 낮아지는 경향이었다. 제주지역의 기상, 토양 등의 환경조건에서 제주 재래대두의 수량성을 최고로 높일 수 있는 적정 재식밀도는 30${\times}$15cm로 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 유기성 화학물질로 오염된 지하수, 수질 및 토양의 효과적인 복원제로 활용되고 있는 ZVI의 반응성 및 안정성을 높이기 위하여 ZVI에 montmorillonite를 첨가하여 합성된 ZVI-Mt 복합체의 특성과 유기염소계 오염물질의 효과적인 제거제로서의 활용가능성을 조사하였다. X-선회절분석 결과 ZVI는 $44.9^{\circ}$ 부근에서 broad reflection peak를 나타내었으며, ZVI-Mt 복합체는 ZVI와 montmorillonite의 전형적인 peak가 관찰되었다. ZVI-Mt 복합체의 형태는 montmorillonite 층이 추형의 ZVI 입자를 부분적으로 둘러싸고 있었으며, ZVI가 공기 중의 산소에 의해 급격히 산화되는 것을 방지할 수 있는 구조적 형태를 나타내었다. ZVI-Mt 복합체에 의한 chlorothalonil의 분해율이 ZVI에 비해 보다 빠르고 높게 나타났으며, 반응 60분 후에는 chlorothalonil이 완전히 분해되었다. ZVI, ZVI-Mt(2:1) 및 ZVI-Mt (1:1) 모두 pH가 낮을수록 chlorothalonil의 분해가 잘 일어났으며, 모든 pH 영역에서 ZVI 보다 ZVI-Mt에 의한 chlorothalonil의 분해 효율이 높게 나타났다. 그러므로 기존의 방법에 의해 ZVI를 합성하는 것 보다는 montmorillonite를 혼합하여 복합체를 형성하는 것이 montmorillonite 층의 card section현상에 의해 ZVI의 환원력과 안정성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1996

A phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (MT267-2B) was isolated from the culture broth of actinomycetes isolate MT2617-2 by the extraction with n-butanol and column chromatographic techniques. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was 1057, by the spectroscopic analyses of IR, $^{13}C$-and $^{1}H$-NMR and ESI-MS. The chemical structure of MT2617-2B was found to be a macrolide compound consisted of a hemiketal ring, polyhydroxyl and polymethyl groups, which had a malonate and guanidine group as its side chain. MT2617-2B produced its two isomers having the same molecular weight by standing in methanol solution at room temperature. Therefore, MT2617-2B was identified as copiamycin and niphithricin A, macrolide antibiotics. The values of $IC_{50}$ against PLC-${\gamma}$1 and PLC-${\beta}$1 were 25 and 50${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. MT2617-2B had antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, but not against Escherichia coli.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose: To improve the insufficient mechanized forage harvesting system, an integrated forage harvester that produces midsize round bales was developed. Methods: The harvesting performance of the developed harvester was tested in a forage plantation. The harvesting performance was evaluated by investigating the bale production performance and residue ratios of the harvester at three levels of tractor driving speeds. Results: The bales outputs per hour by driving speed shown by the harvester were 30 bales (6.8 MT) at 2.3 km/h, 36 bales (8.4 MT) at 3.2 km/h, and 44 bales (10.5 MT) at 5.1 km/h in the case of rye-straw. In the case of rice-straw, they were 43 bales (8.8 MT) at 4.3 km/h, 44 bales (9.7 MT) at 5.0 km/h, and 48 bales (10.7 MT) at 6.2 km/h. In the case of Italian ryegrass (IRG), they were 35 bales (10.7 MT) at 7.0 km/h, 37 bales (12.0 MT) at 8.3 km/h, and 38 bales (13.2 MT) at 9.5 km/h. The average ratios of residues to the available quantities were 2.61% in the case of rye-straw, 1.89% in the case of rice-straw, and 1.57% in the case of IRG. When residues smaller than 200 mm, which cannot be collected, were excluded, the residue ratios of all crops were good, as they did not exceed 1.0%. Conclusions: Since the baling and wrapping functions, which had been separately operated, were integrated into the developed harvester, the developed harvester is expected to maximize bale production efficiency and increase labor productivity, thereby increasing farming profitability.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2011

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion is a well-known marker for oxidative stress and aging, and contributes to harmful effects in cultured cells and animal tissues. mtDNA biogenesis genes (NRF-1, TFAM) are essential for the maintenance of mtDNA, as well as the transcription and replication of mitochondrial genomes. Considering that oxidative stress is known to affect mitochondrial biogenesis, we hypothesized that ionizing radiation (IR)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes mtDNA deletion by modulating the mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby leading to cellular senescence. Therefore, we examined the effects of IR on ROS levels, cellular senescence, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mtDNA deletion in IMR-90 human lung fibroblast cells. Young IMR-90 cells at population doubling (PD) 39 were irradiated at 4 or 8 Gy. Old cells at PD55, and H2O2-treated young cells at PD 39, were compared as a positive control. The IR increased the intracellular ROS level, senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) activity, and mtDNA common deletion (4977 bp), and it decreased the mRNA expression of NRF-1 and TFAM in IMR-90 cells. Similar results were also observed in old cells (PD 55) and $H_2O_2$-treated young cells. To confirm that a increase in ROS level is essential for mtDNA deletion and changes of mitochondrial biogenesis in irradiated cells, the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were examined. In irradiated and $H_2O_2$-treated cells, 5 mM NAC significantly attenuated the increases of ROS, mtDNA deletion, and SA-${\beta}$-gal activity, and recovered from decreased expressions of NRF-1 and TFAM mRNA. These results suggest that ROS is a key cause of IR-induced mtDNA deletion, and the suppression of the mitochondrial biogenesis gene may mediate this process.