• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.197-208
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• 1982

In this study attemps were made to obtain evidence as to the action of Mori Radicis Cortex on the renal' function of anesthetized mongrel dogs. 1. A light brown powder isolated from Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC) by a slight modification of Tanemura's method, when given intravenously in doses ranging 0.5 to 5.0mg/kg, elicited diuresis with the increase of positive water clearance and amounts of $Na^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted in the urine. At this time the glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and osmolar clearance were not observed to have any significant changes. This diuresis was augmented in process of time and its maximum effect was exhibited about 30 minutes after administration of MRC. 2. The MRC, when administered into a intra carotid artery, responded promptly with diuresis and natriuresis at a level too small to effect renal functions when administered intravenously. In this experiment the patterns of changes of renal function were the patterns of changes of renal function were the same as those of the above intravenously administered experiment. 3. When infused directly into a renal artery, the MRC exhibited little effect on either kidney. 4. During water diuresis, the MRC did not elicit diuretic action or significant changes in renal functions. The above observations suggest that the diuresis of MRC is brought about by the inhibition of the release of antidiuretic hormone with the mechanism facilitating the excretion of $Na^{+/}$ and $K^{+}$ in urine.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.410-422
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between knowledge related to disease(KRD), illness attitude, and quality of life(QOL) in relation to the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD). According to the study result, there were significant differences with regard to KRD in accordance with subjects' education, monthly income, mMRC(modified Medical Research Council) Dyspnea Scale, inhaled bronchodilator and antibiotic treatment. In addition, there were significant differences with respect to illness attitude according to monthly income and mMRC. In case of the QOL, there were significant differences in accordance with age, marital status, monthly income, inpatient status, history of hospital admission, oxygen use, comorbidity, mMRC, and inhaled steroid. It has shown that there was a significant correlation between KRD and QOL(r=-.438, p<.001), illness attitude and QOL(r=.279, p=.001). Thus, it is important to grasp monthly income and mMRC, which are correlated with the three elements in common. As per assessment about COPD patients in the clinical situation, it is necessary to develop a multi-disciplinary approach, health coaching program for improving KRD and having a positive attitude based on the low-income group with taking interest in the circumstances of mMRC as well as objective test results.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2015

Objectives : Sparganii Rhizoma is frequently used in traditional herbal medicine for treatment of blood stasis, amenorrhea and functional dyspepsia and has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis peoperties. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect and underlying mechanism of Sparganii Rhizoma water extract (SRE) against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in hepatocyte. Methods : To determine the effects of SRE on oxidative stress, we induced synergistic cytotoxicity by co-treatment of arachidonic acid (AA) and iron in the HepG2 cell, a human derived hepatocyte cell line. Results : Treatment of SRE increased relative cell viability and altered the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and procaspase-3. And SRE also inhibited the mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive reactive oxygen species production induced by AA+iron. In addition, SRE activated of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a potential target for cytoprotection, by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Thr-172. Morever, SRE increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a direct downstream target of AMPK. Conclusion : These results indicated that SRE has the ability to protect against oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte damage, which may be mediated with AMPK pathway.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Objectives : Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC), the root epidermis of Morus alba L., has been traditionally used to treat lung-related diseases in Korean Medicine. The common of MRC is Mulberry bark Morus bark, and it's pharmaceutical properties and taste are known as sweet and cold, and it promotes urination and reduce edema by reducing heat from the lungs and soothe asthma. In the present study, anti-apoptotic mechanism of MRC in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in mice. Methods : Two-hundred grams of MRC was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and this was repeated one time. After filtration, the methanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. C57BL/6 male mice were housed in an environment with controlled humidity, temperature, and light cycle. In order to determine beneficial effects of MRC on ischemia induced brain damage, infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, activities of several apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-8, -9, Bcl-xL in MCAO-induced brains of mice were analyzed. Mice in MRC-treated groups were orally administered 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days before commencing the MCAO procedure. Results : Pre-treatment of MRC significantly reduced infarct volume in MCAO subjected mice applied with 300 mg/kg of MRC methanol extract, and MRC effectively inhibited Bcl-xL reduction and caspase-9 activation caused by MCAO-induced brain damage. Conclusions : MRC showed neuro-protective effects by regulating apoptosis-related protein signals, and it can be a potential candidate for the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2013

Objectives : Artemisia princeps is used as moxa in moxibustion and traditional herbal medicine. And its extracts or compounds is known to have an efficacy of antioxidant, anti-diabete, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. This study was performed to investigate the cytoprotective effect of Artemisia princeps extract (APE) against arachidonic acid (AA)+iron-induced oxidative stress on HepG2 cell. Methods : The effects of APE on cell viability has been assessed using MTT assay. And flow cytometric analysis was performed to estimate APE's effects on mitochondrial function. To investigate its underlying mechanism, related protein was analysed by using immunoblot analysis. Results : Treatment of APE increased relative cell viability, prevented a decline of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and procaspase-3, and also protected mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) against oxidative stress induced by AA+iron. In addition, APE treatment increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) exerts a cytoprotective effect. Conclusions : This results demonstrate that APE has an ability to activation of AMPK which protects cells from AA+iron-induced oxidative stress and restores MMP.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.255-262
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• 2005

Striatum is involved in the control of movement and habitual memory. It receives glutamatergic input from wide area of the cerebral cortex as well as an extensive serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) input from the raphe nuclei. In our study, the effects of 5-HT on synaptic transmission were studied in the rat corticostriatal brain slice using in vitro whole-cell recording technique. 5-HT inhibited the amplitude as well as frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) significantly, and neither ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC), nor $N-methyl-_{D}-aspartate$ (NMDA) receptor antagonist, $_{DL}-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric$ acid (AP-V) could block the effect of 5-HT. In the presence non-NMDA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenxo[f] quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), the inhibitory effect of 5-HT was blocked. We also figured out that 5-HT change the channel kinetics of the sEPSC. There was a significant increase in the rise time during the 5-HT application. Our results suggest that 5-HT has an effect on both pre- and postsynaptic site with decreasing neurotransmitter release probability of glutamate and decreasing the sensitivity to glutamate by increasing the rise time of non-NMDA receptor mediated synaptic transmission in the corticostriatal synapses.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.470-476
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• 2012

Resveratrol, a chemopreventive agent, is rapidly metabolized in the intestine and liver via glucuronidation. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol limits its efficacy. To improve efficacy, the activity of resveratrol was investigated in the context of sphingolipid metabolism in human gastric cancer cells. Diverse sphingolipid metabolites, including dihydroceramides (DHCer), were tested for their ability to induce resveratrol cytotoxicity. Exposure to resveratrol ($100{\mu}M$) for 24 hr induced cell death and cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. Exposure to the combination of resveratrol and dimethylsphingosine (DMS) increased cytotoxicity, demonstrating that sphingolipid metabolites intensify resveratrol activity. Specifically, DHCer accumulated in a resveratrol concentration-dependent manner in SNU-1 and HT-29 cells, but not in SNU-668 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that specific DHCer species containing C24:0, C16:0, C24:1, and C22:0 fatty acids chain were increased by up to 30-fold by resveratrol, indicating that resveratrol may partially inhibit DHCer desaturase. Indeed, resveratrol mildly inhibited DHCer desaturase activity compared to the specific inhibitor GT-11 or to retinamide (4-HPR); however, in SNU-1 cells resveratrol alone exhibited a typical cell cycle arrest pattern, which GT-11 did not alter, indicating that inhibition of DHCer desaturase is not essential to the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of resveratrol and sphingolipid metabolites. Resveratrol-induced p53 expression strongly correlated with the enhancement of cytotoxicity observed upon combination of resveratrol with DMS or 4-HPR. Taken together, these results show that DHCer accumulation is a novel lipid biomarker of resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity in human gastric cancer cells.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2006

Sensorineural hearing loss is frequently found in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). There have been many efforts to elucidate the etiologic factors of hearing loss in patients with CRF. However, there was not any clear identified cause of hearing loss. This study was undertaken to evaluate the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) in CRF patients with hearing impairment. To determine MRC activity, peripheral blood cells were obtained from CRF patients with hearing impairment receiving dialysis and normal subjects without any hearing problems. MRC activity of complex I and complex III was measured by the Trounces method. In MRC activities between the normal subjects group and CRF patients with hearing problems, the complex I and III activities of CRF patients with hearing problems were 63% and 85% compared with normal subjects (p<0.01). These results suggest that the activity of MRC may be implicated in the underlying mechanism of the hearing impairment in CRF patients, through mitochondrial DNA mutations at MRC complex I region with a decrement of MRC activity.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.1734-1741
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• 2007

In this paper, the Hybrid SC/MRC-2/4 method in which bit synchronization and phase synchronization were not required was applied to the orthogonal MC DS-CDMA system in which each normalized subcarrier interval and processing gain had the same value, respectively, and the direct sequence spread code of each subcarrier was orthogonal. In the broadband wireless system in which multi-carrier transmission was used, a Doppler frequency shift occurred, which was caused by the difference between the highest subcarrier frequency md the lowest subcarrier frequency. In order to complement phase error caused by the shift, the orthogonal MC DS-CDMA system was analyzed so that the receiving signal could be perfectly synchronized by adjusting the PLL gain suitable for the entire system. As a result of simulations, as the PLL gain was increased, the change in the intervals was close to the case of perfect synchronization however, it became less when the PLL gain reached more than a certain value. Therefore, by selecting a proper PLL gain suitable for the system the orthogonal MC DS-CDMA can be designed in which the Hybrid SC/MRC method is applied.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.239-246
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• 2007

Expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) genes were examined during the neuronal differentiation of rat fetal cortical precursor cells (rCPC) and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. When rCPC were differentiated into neuronal cells for 7 days, early stem cell marker, nest in, expression was decreased from day 4, and neuronal markers such as neurofilament-L, -M and Tuj1 were increased after day 4. In this condition, expressions of BIP, ATF6, and phosphorylated PERK as well as their down stream signaling molecules such as CHOP, ATF4, XBP1, GADD34, Nrf2 and $p58^{IPK}$ were significantly increased, suggesting the induction of ERSR during neuronal differentiation of rCPC. ERSR was also induced during the differentiation of PC12 cells for 9 days with NGF. Neurofilament-L transcript was time-dependently increased. Both mRNA and protein levels of Tuj1 were increased after the induction, and the significant increase in NeuN was observed at day 9. Similar to the expression patterns of neuronal markers, BIP/GRP78 and CHOP mRNAs were highly increased at day 9, and ATF4 mRNA was also increased from day 7. These results strongly suggest the induction and possible role of ERSR in neuronal differentiation process. Further study to identify targets responsible for neuronal induction will be necessary.