• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

The Monascus azaphilone (MAz) pigment is a well-known food colorant that has yellow, orange and red components. The structures of the yellow and orange MAz differ by two hydride reductions, with yellow MAz being the reduced form. Orange MAz can be non-enzymatically converted to red MAz in the presence of amine derivatives. It was previously demonstrated that mppE and mppG are involved in the biosynthesis of yellow and orange MAz, respectively. However, ${\Delta}mppE$ and ${\Delta}mppG$ knockout mutants maintained residual production of yellow and orange MAz, respectively. In this study, we deleted the region encompassing mppD, mppE and mppG in M. purpureus and compared the phenotype of the resulting mutant (${\Delta}mppDEG$) with that of an mppD knockout mutant (${\Delta}mppD$). It was previously reported that the ${\Delta}mppD$ strain retained the ability to produce MAz but at approximately 10% of the level observed in the wildtype strain. A chemical analysis demonstrated that the ${\Delta}mppDEG$ strain was still capable of producing both yellow and orange MAz, suggesting the presence of minor MAz route(s) not involving mppE or mppG. Unexpectedly, the ${\Delta}mppDEG$ strain was observed to accumulate fast-eluting pigments in a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. A LC-MS analysis identified these pigments as ethanolamine derivatives of red MAz, which had been previously identified in an mppE knockout mutant that produces high amounts of orange MAz. Although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown, this study has yielded an M. purpureus strain that selectively accumulates red MAz.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2009

무선메쉬망에서 트래픽은 인터넷 게이트웨이로 동작하는 MPP로 집중되기 때문에 이들 간에 부하가 균등하게 분담되지 않으면 망 내 트래픽 양이 망의 전체 용량보다 작더라도 망의 전체 효율은 낮아진다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 망 내 MPP의 부하 정보를 이용하여 MP(Mesh Point)들이 접속할 MPP를 확률적으로 결정하는 확률적 트래픽 부하 균등 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법의 성능 평가를 위해 ns-2를 이용한 모의실험을 통해 제안 기법과 큐 길이 기반 기법을 망 안정화 시간과 패킷 손실율 측면에서 비교하였다. 제안 기법은 혼잡한 MPP의 부하를 다수의 MPP에 분담시킬 수 있기 때문에 새로운 접속 MPP(serving MPP)로 트래픽이 급증하는 것을 방지한다. 따라서 제안기법은 동일한 망 환경에서 망 혼잡 발생 후 이를 해결하기 위한 망 안정화 시간이 큐 길이 기반 기법보다 최대 34초 빠르며 이로 인해 망의 패킷 손실율도 최대 7.6% 낮출 수 있었다. 즉, 제안기법은 망 자원의 효율적 이용으로 망 혼잡을 빠르게 해소하여 무선메쉬망의 안정적 운용에 기여한다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2001

가스분무법으로 만든 MPP 압분자심을 무자장 및 자장중에서 열처리한 후 냉각속도를 달리할 때 얻어지는 자기적 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 무자장중에서 열처리시 냉각속도가 증가하면 교류투자율 및 자심손실이 감소하였으며, 이는 각각 빠른 냉각속도에서의 불균일한 내부음력의 발생과 이상 와전류손실의 감소에 기인하는 것으로 해석되었다. 한편 MPP 압분체를 무자장 열처리 후 냉각속도를 달리하여도 Ni-Fe 합금에서 전형적으로 나타나는 규칙상의 형성에 따른 자기적 특성의 변화는 보이지 않았으나, 느린 냉각속도의 조건하에서 자장열처리를 하면 용이하게 구성원자의 방향성 규칙화에 의해 유도자기이방성이 생성되며 상당한 투자율 및 자심손실의 변화가 얻어지는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.269.1-269.1
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• 2002

MPP$\^$＋/ is known to be a neurotoxic substance that induces the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and Parkinson-like syndrome. Incubation with MPP$\^$＋/ induced the expression of heme oxygenase-l (HO-1) in PC-12 cells and HO-1 revealed a protective effect against MPP$\^$＋/ -induced cytotoxicity. In this study. we tested the effect of pre-conditioning on the MPP$\^$＋/-induced cytotoxicity. The PC-12 cells were incubated with MPP$\^$＋/ for 3 hrs. and then after 12 hrs the cells were exposed to several concentration of MPP$\^$＋/. (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2005

The present study assessed the effect of calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and W-7 against the cytotoxicity of $MPP^+$ and 6-bydroxydoparnine (6-OHDA) in relation to the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in PC12 cells. Trifluoperazine (an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition and calmodulin antagonist) and W-7 (a specific calmodulin antagonist) significantly attenuated the $MPP^+-induced$ cell viability loss in PC12 cells with a maximum inhibition at $0.5{\sim}1{\mu}M$; beyond these concentrations the inhibitory effect declined. Both compounds at this concentration range did not cause cell death significantly. In contrast to $MPP^+$, the trifluoperazine and W-7 did not depress the cytotoxic effect of 6-OHDA. Addition of trifluoperazine and W-7 inhibited the cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation in PC12 cells treated with $MPP^+$ and attenuated the formation of reactive oxygen species and the depletion of GSH, whereas both compounds did not reduce the effect of 6-OHDA. The results show that trifluoperazine and W-7 may attenuate the cytotoxicity of $MPP^+$ by inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition and calmodulin. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect of 6-OHDA seems to be mediated by the actions, which are different from $MPP^+$.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.119-131
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• 1999

The effect of herbal medicine on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion $(MPP^+)$ and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mediated neurotoxicity was studied in the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line PC12. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that herbal medicine can protect cells from neurotoxiciy caused by $MPP^+$ and 6-OHDA. Exposure of PC12 cells to 0.2 mM $MPP^+$ and $50\;{\mu}M$ 6-OHDA for 24h resulted in a 50% cell death with respect to the control cells. $MPP^+$ induced cell death was reduced by Yollyounggobondan (延齡固本丹), Sagunjatang (四君子湯), Palmihwan (八味丸), and Palmultang (八物湯)(P<0.05). However, herbal medicines did not protect cells from degeneration caused by the 6-OHDA. Yollyounggobondan, Yungmijihwangwon (六味地黃元), Palmihwan, and Samultang (四物湯) were effective in protecting against $MPP^+$-induced ATP loss in PC12 cells (P<0.05). Yollyounggobondan and Palmultang were effect in neurite protection against 6-OHDA treatment in differentiated PC12 cells with NGF.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2010

Objectives : The neuroprotective effects of bee venom (BV) have been demonstrated in many studies, but bee venom has many side effects. So we used sweet bee venom (SBV), which has high molecular elements removed to reduce the side effects. I examined the neuroprotective effect of sweet bee venom in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ($MPP^+$)-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods : To observe the possible toxicity of SBV itself, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with SBV in various concentrations for 3 h and $MPP^+$ in concentrations (1 and 5mM) for 24h. To investigate the protective effect of SBV against $MPP^+$ toxicity, SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with vehicle or nontoxic concentrations of SBV for 3h and the cells were not washed, followed by incubation with respective concentrations of SBV and 1 mM $MPP^+$ for 24h. To investigate the protective effect of SBV against $MPP^+$ toxicity, SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with vehicle or nontoxic concentrations of SBV for 3h and the cells were not washed, followed by incubation with respective of SBV(0.5%), 1 mM $MPP^+$, 5uM AKT inhibitor(LY984002) and 10uM ERK inhibitor(PD98059) for 24 h. The protective effect was measured by cell viability assay. To investigate the degree of apoptosis, caspase-3 enzyme activity was measured in control, $MPP^+$, SBV+$MPP^+$. Results : SBV (0.5%) pretreatment protected the SH-SY5Y cells against $MPP^+$-induced apoptotic cell death. The cell viability was higher in the SH-SY5Y cells that were pretreated with vehicle or nontoxic concentrations of SBV than those not pretreated. The caspase-3 activity was lower in the pretreated groups than these not pretreated. ERK and AKT enzymes have a role in the neuroprotective effects of the sweet bee venom. Conclusions : The results demonstrate that SBV has a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons against $MPP^+$ toxicity. This data suggest that SBV could be a potential therapeutic tool for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease(PD).

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2012

Tracking the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) array is usually an essential part of a PV system. The problem addressed by Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is to find the voltage $V_{MPP}$ or current $I_{MPP}$ at which a PV array should operate to generate the maximum power output $P_{MPP}$ under a given temperature and irradiance. MPPT control methods such as the perturb and observe method and the incremental conductance method require a microprocessor or DSP to determine if the duty cycle should be increased or not. This paper proposes a simple and fast analog MPPT method. The proposed control scheme tracks the MPP very quickly and its hardware implementation is simple when compared with the conventional techniques. The new algorithm can successfully track the MPP even in the case of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. In addition, it has higher efficiency than ordinary algorithms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2002

To understand the cytotoxic mechanism of $MPP^+,$ we examined the involvement of ceramide in $MPP^+-induced$ cytotoxicity to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. When SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to $MPP^+,\;MPP^+$ induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity accompanied by 2-fold elevation of intracellular ceramide levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Three methods were used to test the hypothesis that the elevated intracellular ceramide is related to $MPP^+-induced$ cytotoxicity: $C_2-ceramide$ was directly applied to cells, sphingomyelinase (SMase) was exogenously added, and oleoylethanolamine (OE) was used to inhibit degradation of ceramide. Furthermore, inhibition of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase (CAPP), the effector of ceramide, using okadaic acid (OA) attenuated cell death but treatment of fumonisin $B_1,$ the ceramide synthase inhibitor, did not alter the cytotoxic effect of $MPP^+.$ Based on these, we suggest that the elevation of intracellular ceramide is one of the important mediators in $MPP^+-induced$ cell death.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

태양광발전시스템에서 태양전지의 최대전력점 추적(MPPT, Maximum Power Point Tracking)은 중요한 부분이다. MPPT 알고리즘은 태양전지가 주어진 일사량 및 온도에 의해 최대전력점에서 동작할 수 있도록 전압($V_{MPP}$), 전류($I_{MPP}$)를 찾는다. 기존의 P&O, IncCond 알고리즘은 듀티를 증가 혹은 감소시키기 위하여 마이크로 프로세서나 DSP를 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서는 간단하면서 빠른 아날로그 MPPT 알고리즘을 제안한다. 이 방식은 기존 방식과 비교해서 매우 빠르게 MPP를 추적할 수 있으며 구현하기 쉽다. 또한 급격히 변하는 일사량에 기존 방식보다 대처가 빠르며 높은 효율을 보여준다.