• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.176-189
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to illustrate the various medication error types and causes and identified to related drugs to provide basic data for preventing nurses' medication error by analysing 73 cases of AJN 'medication Error' column(1993, Oct -2000, Nov). Nurses' types of medication error were classified into 7 types. The most frequent error types are wrong medication$(21.9\%)$ and the wrong dose$(21.9\%)$ together. The others are wrong $time(4.1\%)$, $omission(2.7\%)$, mechanical $error(2.7\%)$, incorrect IV $rate(1.4\%)$. wrong route $administration(1.4\%)$ in order. Nurses' causes of medication error were 9 kinds. The most frequent type is confusing between similar drug shape, color, size, name, injection devices and patient's $name(43.9\%)$ and the others are lack of knowledge about $drugs(26.8\%),\; slips(7.3\%),\; miscalculating\;dose(4.9\%)$, incorrect adjusts $devices(4.9\%)$, difficulty to read or illegible decimal $point(4.9\%),$ $abbreviation(2.4\%)$, fatigue with $overwork(2.4\%)$ and no communication with $patient(2.4\%)$ in order. Related drugs with medication error are as follows. - dose unit(IU. minims. mcg/min. mEq) : Heparin. insulin. synthetic calcitonin, some enzymes and hormones, vitamins, some antibiotics, tuberculin injection. MgSO4 injection. nitroglycerin - similar size, color and shape drug : $0.9\%$ N/S and acetic acid $0.25\%$ for irrigation. premixed 2mg lidocaine sol. and $0.9\%$ N/S, gentamycin 20mg/2mL for children and 80mg/2mL for adult, dextroamphetamine 5mg and 10mg capsule. sedatives chloral hydrate 250mg/5mL and 500mg/5mL - similar name :Aredia(pamidronate disodium) and Adriamycin(doxorubicin), Lamictal (lamotrigine) and Lamisil 250mg. Elderpryl and enalapril, cefotaxime and cefoxitin, carboplatin and cisplatin, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, Celebrex and Celexa, Humulin and Humalog, Percodan and Percocet, Diabeta and Diabinese, Epivir and Retrovir, Xanax(alprazolam) and Zantac(ranitidine) - decimal point : low molecular weight warfarin, methotrexate - unfamiliar drug uses of familiar drug ; methotrexate. droperidol, imipramine, propranolol - number of drug name(misleading chemical name) : 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil - type of administration route : Oxycodone(OxyContin). - administration time : acarbose(Precose). - injection way (Z-track method): hydroxyzine - epidural cathether : LMWHs(enoxaparin, dalteparin), - ADD Vantage self contained delivery system : ceftriaxone(Rocephin)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2001

Of hot-water extracts prepared from 10 herbal components of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang, Atractylodes lancea DC. (ALR) and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG) showed the most potent bone marrow cell proliferation activity through intestinal immune system whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for Astragalus membranacues Bunge (ASR) and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (AR) having low activity. Especially, ALR had the potent activity irrespective of classes of ALR, a place of production and the condition of breeding. In addition, we found that hot-water extract from Atractylodes lancea DC rhizomes (ALR-0) contributed mainly to Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response of Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang. ALR-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (ALR-1), MeOH-insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (ALR-2), and the crude polysaccharide fraction (ALR-3). Among these fractions, only ALR-3 showed potent stimulating activity for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells, dose-dependently. In treatments of ALR-3 with $NaIO_4,\;NaClO_2$ and pronase, all significantly reduced the intestinal immune system modulating activity of ALR-3, and the activity of ALR-3 was much affected by $NaIO_4$ oxidation particularly. These results reveal that macromolecules, such as polysaccharide, rather than low-molecular-weight substances, are the potent intestinal immune system modulating compound of ALR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.625-635
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was focused on investigation of biochemical properties of amylases in germinating corn(Zea mays L.) the amylase(I), (II) and (III) from germinating corn seeds were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The last step was effective for separation of the corn amylases to a homogeneous slate. the purified amylase(I) was identified as a kind of $\alpha$-amylase from the fact that 5％ starch solution was hydrolysed into mainly maltose and maltotetrose by it, and amylase(II) and amylase(III) were enzymes producing maltotetrose as main product. The molecular weight and specific activity of the amylase(I), (II) and (III) were determined to be 54,000 and 70.47 unit/mg, 39,000 and 62.98 unit/mg, and 51,000 and 80.39 unit/mg, respectively. It showed a tendency to increase the amylases activities in presence of Ba, Ca, Co and Fe groups, but inhibits in that of Ag, Sn, Hg and Zn groups, and amylase(I), (II) and (III) remained stable at pH 5-6 and 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 40 days in containing of 1 mM CaCl$_2$. The optimum pH and optimum temperatures were pH 6, pH 5 and pH 6 and 35$^{\circ}C$, 55$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results suggest that the amylase(I), (II) and (III) were different amylases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.207-211
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• 1983

An attempt was made to find out the possibility of utilizing water-melon seed as resources of food fats and protein. The water-melon seed contained 40.40% of crude fat and 28.36% of crude protein. The lipid fraction obtained by silicic acid column chromatography was composed of about 97.35% neutral lipid, and the main components of neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography were triglyceride(50.40%), diglyceride(21.84%) and sterol(11.48%). The predominant fatty acids of total and major lipid classes were linoleic acid(55.30-67.85%), palmitic acid(12.07-28.12%) and oleic acid(9.06-16.40%), whereas stearic acid and linolenic acid were detected as small amounts. The salt soluble protein of watermelon seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 0.7M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 27%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids, and the essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were also detected. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in water-melon seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 52.4%. The amino acids of the main fraction protein were also mainly composed of glutamic acid and arginine. The molecular weight for the main protein of the water-melon seed was estimated to be 120,000.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1986

This study was conducted to research the industrial utilizaion of the maize germs separated in the manufacture of the cornstarch. The maize germs contained crude protein (25.3%) and crude fat (19.2%), with the 512 Kcal/100g of determined food energy values. It was found to have the valuable amounts of essential minerals, such as the content of calcium and phosphorus were low (53.0, 12.3mg%), while those of potassium (495.4mg%), magnesium (95.0mg%), zinc (48.3ppm) and manganese (45.2ppm) were plentiful. It was noted that the iodine value was 44.0, saponification value 292.3, acid value 1.5 and peroxide value about 3.3. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of neutral lipid, whereas, the contents of glycolipid and phospholipid were scarcely. The major fatty acids in total lipids were linoleic $(60{\sim}62.5%)$, oleic $(20{\sim}22.5%)$ and palmitic $(10{\sim}13.5%)$ acids. The content of the unsaturated fatty acids was more predominant than that of the saturated fatty acids. The content of the insoluble proteinous nitrogen (32.5%) was the most abundant. whereas, the contents of soluble proteinous nitrogen (12.7%) and peptide proteinous nitrogen (3.3%) were low. The major amino acids of the maized germs were glutamic, glycine, alanine and aspartic. It has been identified by the SDS-disc electrophoresis that the protein of maized germs had $5{\sim}6$ bands. Compared with standard substances, the molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be $14,500{\sim}24,500$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.881-888
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• 2007

For the use of skipjack tuna cooking drip (STC) as a source of functional seasoning, the STC was hydrolyzed with various commercial enzymes, such as Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase and Protamex, and its hydrolysate was also investigated on the food component characteristics. The hydrolysate incubated with Alcalase for 30 min (HA30) showed 56.8% for angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and 1.18 for antioxidative activity, which were high or similar compared to the other enzymatic hydrolysates. There were no differences in ACE inhibitory activity and antioxidative activity among HA30, two-step enzymatic hydrolysates, and ultrafilterates (molecular weight cut off, 10 kDa). The HA30 was very stable on the digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, pepsin, trypsin according to the TCA (trichloroacetic acid) soluble index. The results suggested that skipjack tuna cooking drip could be used as a source for preparing functional seasoning sauce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.738-746
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• 2011

We manufactured rice-whole soybean curd by a microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) with a mixture of hydrolyzed rice and micronized whole soybean powder (MWSP) and analyzed its rheological properties, including texture, viscoelasticity, protein cross-linking, and surface structure. A 40% rice suspension digested with a Termamyl enzyme at $85^{\circ}C$ for 20 min showed a 9.0% reducing sugar and a consistency of $1.27\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$, resulting in a great reduction in consistency. A MWSP suspension with 22% solid content was transformed into a typical tofu texture. MWSP curd fortified with 7.5% rice showed enhanced texture properties, with a hardness of 639.6 dyne/$cm^2$, and a springiness of 0.96. In a MWSP suspension (18~22% w/v) treated with 5% MTGase, viscoelasticity increased dependently with MWSP concentration, and a 22% MWSP indicated a G' value of 5.1 Pa and a G'' value of 9.0 Pa. Furthermore, soybean proteins present in the 22% MWSP curd largely disappeared or formed polymers with a high molecular weight by MTGase reaction within 30 min. MWSP (22%) fortified with 7.5% rice showed similar polymerization patterns on SDS-PAGE. The surface structure of the rice-MWSP curds was more dense and homogeneous network due to the addition of hydrolyzed rice. However, the surface structure of all rice-MWSP curds became rough and showed a non-homogeneous network after cold storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.1321-1327
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• 2011

The microorganism producing an invertase (E.C. 3.2.1.26) was isolated from wine and tentatively identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cellular fatty acid analysis. The invertase was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitant, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 from the culture supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae JS59. The specific activity and the purification fold of the purified invertase were 7620.9 unit/mg protein and 13.9, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified invertase was estimated to be 38.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the invertase activity were pH 5 and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. The invertase activity was relatively stable at pH 4~6 and temperature $55^{\circ}C$. The activity of invertase was inhibited by $Ag^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$, but on the contrary, activated by $Co^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$. Michaelis constant ($K_m$) for invertase reaction in sucrose solution was 11.5 mM. TLC analysis of the products produced in sucrose solution during invertase reaction showed the progressive presence of glucose and fructose in accordance with sucrose hydrolysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2014

The effects of Lycii fructus and Lycii folium on osteoporosis and serum cholesterol levels were tested in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham group (sham-operated), Control group (OVX, ovariectomized model), LCF group (Ovx+Lycii fructus extract), and LCL group (OVX+Lycium folium extract). After 8 weeks, the OVX ($330{\pm}5.39$ g), LCF ($315{\pm}2.99$ g), and LCL ($318{\pm}2.06$ g) groups showed increased body weight compared with sham group ($281{\pm}1.71$ g). The levels of serum osteocalcin (OC) also increased in the LCF ($444.6{\pm}26.9$ ng/mL) and LCL ($407{\pm}18.9$ ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ($107{\pm}3.52$ ng/mL). The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in the LCF ($108{\pm}2.7$ U/L) and LCL ($407{\pm}18.9$ ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ($95{\pm}2.9$ U/L). Stereomicroscopy found that the low bone density that developed in the OVX group was significantly reversed in the LCF and LCL groups after 8 weeks. We also obtained molecular-based in vivo evidence that supports a mechanism of action involving novel estrogen receptor ($ER{\alpha}$) modulator in the uterus. We found that expression of ER${\alpha}$ mRNA in the OVX rat uterus was elevated by Lycium chinense. These results suggest that Lycii fructus and Lycii folium administered to rats during 8 weeks after oophorectomy may partially recover postmenopausal osteoporosis or delay the progression of osteoporotic changes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.786-796
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• 1999

Background: It has been anticipated that the amount and composition of mucin are changed in patients with chronic airway diseases. We evaluated whether RTO3(mAb against rat tracheal mucins) could quantify the amount of mucin from the airway in the patients with chronic airway diseases. Methods and results; 1) RTO3 was bound to high molecular weight of mucin based on Western blot in sputum and BALF from patients with chronic airway diseases. 2) The goblet cells and submucosal glands in main bronchus from human were observed by PAS stain. And immunohistochemical stain with RTO3 showed immunoreactivity on some goblet cells. 3) The amount of mucin was more increased in patients with chronic airway diseases compared to those in normal subjects. 4) In the exacerbation of asthmatics, mucin amounts were more increased than stable asthmatics. Conclusion: We suggested that secreted mucin in chronic airway diseases can be quantified by ELISA with RTO3.