• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-142
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• 2022

This paper uses social network theory and the internationalization process model (IPM) to determine how external network linkages influence the location choices of multinational enterprise from emerging economies (EMNEs); specifically, whether past alliance experience influences location choices and its impact on the subsequent entry of MNEs from emerging economies. This paper applies survival analysis using initial and secondary investments from 2,000 Chinese A-share listed companies that entered 90 countries between 1997 and 2018 to analyze both the initial and subsequent entries of Chinese outward foreign direct investments (OFDIs) in major host countries. The findings indicate that an MNE's previous experience with a company from a particular country will increase the likelihood of an initial investment in that country. Previous alliance experience may accelerate the foreign investment process of EMNE and stimulate firms making a commitment to a position in a foreign network, regardless of cultural distance and stage of internationalization. Alliance before initial investment may increase the likelihood and speed of entering a host country as wholly owned subsidiaries and that network linkages not only significantly influence the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises, as indicated by the IPM, but also that of large listed firms.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.209-237
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• 2012

국제경영분야에서 가장 큰 중심화두가 되는 다국적기업의 성공과 실패에 있어서 해외자회사의 지식창출과 이전에 관한 문제는 다국적기업의 성공과 실패에 영향을 주는 가장 중요한 결정요인이다. 이로 인해 다국적 기업의 경우 글로벌 네트워크에 속해 있는 해외자회사들의 차별적 역할과 역량에 따라 글로벌 경쟁역량이 좌우되기 때문에 새로운 지식을 창출하고 이를 기업 내에 확산하는데 있어서 해외자회사의 전략적 역할을 인식하지 못하거나, 초우량센터를 발굴하고 육성하지 못하는 기업은 글로벌 경쟁에서 성공할 수 없을 것이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 다음과 같은 두 가지 연구목적을 달성하고자 한다. 첫째는 해외자회사를 지식창출의 중심점으로 발전시키는데 있어서, 지식창출역량에 영향을 주는 핵심요인을 도출하는 것이고, 둘째는, 이들 핵심요인을 강화하는 전략과 성공요건을 제시하는 것이다. 기존 연구에 비해 본 연구는 해외자회사의 역할을 지식창출의 관점에서 본사와 다른 네트워크 주체와의 관계, 현지국의 환경, 자회사의 조직구조와 역량이라는 관점에서 해외자회사가 탁월성의 거점이 될 수 있는 전략적 관점을 통해 실무적 시사점을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.125-145
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to analyze the competitiveness of the Cargo Management improvement of FTZ(Free Trade Zone) in East Asia and to suggest several measures to improve it. To the end, various comparisons are made between the FTZ of Incehon and those in Hongkong, Taiwan, Shanghai. Competitive advantages of Incheon's FTZ over others lie in its better contiguity, frequency, quality service, and convenient connections associated with the airport. To be viable, however, the Incheon's FTZ needs to have strong supports from the central government such as more SOC investment, early introduction of RFID/UBIQUITOUS, improvement of customs process and logistics system, and competitive incentives to bring in more international channel hubs to this area. With these implemented promptly as suggested, the Incheon's FTZ will draw its competitive advantages over those in Taiwan and Shanghai and will play an vital role to bring in more MNEs to Korea.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.4296-4309
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• 2010

자유 무역의 확산과 국제적 투자, 국제화의 확대로 표준화된 기술 및 프로세스의 확산은 글로벌 통합 기업 등장의 발판을 마련하였다. 본 연구는 글로벌 통합기업으로 경쟁우위를 선점하고 있는 기업들은 어떠한 공통된 전략적 특성을 가지는 가에 대한 질문과 그들만의 독특한 특성은 무엇인가에 대한 질문에서 시작되었다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 다중사례연구로써 글로벌 통합 기업의 선두기업인 IBM과 뒤를 이어 글로벌 통합기업으로 전환을 꾀한 NOKIA, P&G를 분석의 단위로 선정하였다. 또한 사례를 분석하는 이론적 틀로 Ghemawat(2007)이 글로벌 통합기업의 특징으로 제시한 현지화(Adaptation), 통합(Aggregation), 재정거래(Arbitrage)로 구성되는 AAA Triangle을 사용하였다. 또한 사례 연구 분석의 한계를 보완하기 위해 한국 IBM 직원들과의 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 본 연구는 사례 연구를 진행하는 가운데 글로벌 통합 기업의 전형적인 속성을 지니고 있는 IBM의 도입 사례와 도입 과정상에서 나타난 IT 혁신을 통한 협업 특징에 대해서도 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 IT를 통한 협업에는 어떠한 특성들이 숨어있는지에 대해서 살펴볼 수 있었다. 본 연구는 IBM, NOKIA, P&G의 사례 분석을 통해 글로벌 통합 기업은 공통적으로 현지화, 통합, 재정거래 세 가지 전략을 정도의 차이는 존재하나 기업의 상황에 맞게 수용하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 위해서 기업들은 자신의 기업에 처한 특수한 상황에 맞는 단계적 접근을 해야 한다는 점과 IT 협업을 통한 현지화, 통합, 재정거래 과정을 거쳐야 한다는 점을 도출 할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 IBM을 중심으로 한 기업들의 글로벌 통합 기업 사례를 통해 글로 벌 통합 기업 모델을 적용하고자 하는 기업들에게 그 특징과 접근 방안을 제안하고, 이를 현실화 할 수 있는 가이드 라인을 제공한다는 점에 있어서 실무적인 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. 또한 기존 경영정보에서 다루지 않았던 AAA Triangle로 특징지어지는 글로벌 통합기업에 대한 문헌적 발전을 통해 IT 협업의 중요성을 도출하였다는 점을 들 수 있다. 본 연구는 향후 실증적인 분석을 통해 더욱 구체적이고 현실적인 연구로 발전할 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2019

This study aims to utilize big data contents of news and social media for developing a corporate strategy of multinational enterprises and their global decision-making through the data mining technique, especially text mining. In this paper, the data of 2 news media (BBC and CNN) and 2 social media (Facebook and Twitter) were collected for the three global leading Korean companies (Samsung, Hyundai Motor Company, and LG) from April, 2018 to April, 2019. The findings of this paper have shown that traditional news media and also modern social media have become devastating tools to extract global trends or phenomena for businesses. Moreover, this presents that a company can adopt a two-track strategy through two different types of media by deriving the key issues or trends from news media channels and also grasping consumers' sentiments, preference or issues of interest such as battery or design from social media. In addition, analyzing the texts of those media and understanding the association rules greatly contribute to the comparison between two different types of media channels to see the difference. Lastly, this provides meaningful and valuable data empowered insights to find a future direction comprehensively and develop a global strategy for sustainability of business.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

Purpose - to examine the theories related to the internationalization of multinational corporations as well as theories related to internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises. Research design, data, and methodology - traditional theories, e.g. eclectic paradigm and behavioral theory and product life cycle etc. were examined and recent advances theories - network theory, entrepreneurship - were also examined to outline the theory of internationalization of firm. Results - the main schools of international researches are divided into two; one is the economics school, the other is the behavioral school. The economics school has considered internationalization as a pattern of investment in foreign markets explained by rational economic analysis of internalization, ownership, and location advantages. Apart from the economics approach, a theory relevant to smaller firms highlights slow and incremental overseas market commitment. Recent research on the network perspective is fast emerging and it can be applied and well explained on the internationalization of smaller firms, focusing on firm behavior in the context of a network of interorganizational and inter-personal relationships Conclusions - Small medium-sized enterprises have been recently rising, however, there has still been little consolidation of literature in internationalization and most of the relevant theories have been still focusing on explaining the globalization of multinational corporations. Little studied on the internationalization in the context of smaller firms which are distinctly differentiated from larger firms including international new ventures, which the motivation to study strongly calls for more information and studied on small medium-sized enterprises.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.71-92
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• 2006

There may exist differences in R&D patterns between multinational enterprises and domestically owned firms located in catching-up countries. This paper examines the differences in R&D patterns between different ownership in Korea. In order to do this, the paper has conducted the in-depth interview of the major multinational and local firms. The interviewed firms has been selected mainly from the telecommunication, semiconductor and display industries. The paper reveals that multinational firms tend to focus on sales-oriented R& while domestically owned firms are likely to cover the range of development, applied and basic research. The most outstanding difference lies in the length of R&D period. The domestic firms apparently turn out to conduct longer period R&D projects than multinational firms. In addition it is revealed that local firms need to develop their own capability, whereas foreign companies in Korea can acquire advanced technology and scientific knowledge from the R&D centers in their home countries. On the basis of the research findings, this paper discusses some implications and recommendations for Korea and other catching-up countries.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2019

Purpose - Economic globalization provides firms with a new channel to gain benefits from foreign countries. Therefore, using the real MNEs, this paper set China's firms as an example to explore the relationship between multinationality and performance. Research design, data, and methodology - Panel data from 2008 to 2017 was used and 390 multinational firms listed in China's A-share market was selected. Additionally, related econometric methods were employed to analyze the relationship between multinationality and performance in this study. The return on assets was treated as a dependent variable, and the sales of a firm, the firm age, the debt asset ratio of a firm, the ratio of foreign sales to total sales and the enterprise properties were treated as independent variables. All of these factors were used to conduct an empirical analysis. Results - The empirical findings in this study revealed that there is a linear relationship between multinationality and performance, as well as that non state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) have a greater effect on the relationship between multinationality and performance than that of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Conclusions - On the basis of evidences this paper provided, China's government should take measures in the future to help China's firms when they fulfil international economic activities.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.345-361
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• 2019

In recent years, Chinese firms have explosively increased outward foreign direct investment (oFDI). While state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are still dominant in Chinese oFDI, privately-owned enterprises (POEs) are also accelerating their internationalization. These two types of Chinese firms differ in their behavior regarding oFDI. The objective of this paper is to analyze the differences in the choice of oFDI locations between Chinese SOEs and POEs by considering host country factors. By integrating the literature on Chinese firms' oFDI and on FDI locations, we developed six hypotheses concerning how host country factors affect their choice of location. We tested our hypotheses by conducting multiple regression analysis with recent secondary data on 413 Chinese MNEs in 88 countries between 2005 and 2016. The results of the test show that in selecting oFDI locations, Chinese SOEs invest relatively more in countries with richer natural resources, more abundant strategic assets, less production efficiency, higher political risk, and lower institutional quality compared with Chinese POEs. It is our hope that the empirical results of this paper will contribute to research on Chinese oFDI.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

Purpose: This study explores the level of relevance of liability of foreignness (LOF) in foreign firms' decision to relocate or to expand their regional headquarters (RHQ) in Singapore. Research design, data and methodology: The research question is: what are the mitigating factors of LOF for RHQs operating in Singapore? This explorative study uses various resources from the government agencies: Singapore Economic Development Board such as annual reports between 2012 and 2022, investment programs and published interviews with RHQ's CEOs, Singapore Department of Statistics such as economic, socio-economic and investment data. Results: My study shows that years of nation-building toward a world-class infrastructure, identifying key-industries and conscientiously enhancing workforce skills and competency, developing and reviewing investment programs to attract and retain RHQs were the mitigating factors of LOF. Conclusion: This implies a low level of relevance of LOF in foreign firms' strategic choice to relocate or to expand their regional headquarters to Singapore. As such, the steady growth of multinational enterprises' (MNEs) RHQs in Singapore presents a challenge to the theoretical postulation of LOF positing that foreign firms are discriminated in host country-environment. As a result, incurring additional costs operating in an unfamiliar environment manifested by varying responses from the local actors. Singapore is a case in point.