• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

In this study, an analysis of medical waste generation characteristics was conducted, differentiating between ordinary situation and the outbreaks of massive infectious diseases. During ordinary situation, prediction models for medical waste quantities by type, general medical waste(G-MW), hazardous medical waste(H-MW), infectious medical waste(I-MW), were established through regression analysis, with all significance values (p) being <0.0001, indicating statistical significance. The determination coefficient(R2) values for prediction models of each category were analyzed as follows : I-MW(R2=0.9943) > G-MW(R2=0.9817) > H-MW(R2=0.9310). Additionally, factors such as GDP(G-MW), the number of medical institutions (H-MW), and the elderly population ratio(I-MW), utilized as influencing factors and consistent with previous literature, showed high correlations. The total MW generation, evaluated by combining each model, had an MAE of 2,615 and RMSE of 3,353. This indicated accuracy levels similar to the medical waste models of H-MW(2,491, 2,890) and I-MW(2,291, 3,267). Due to limitations in accurately estimating the quantity of medical waste during the rapid and outbreaks of massive infectious diseases, the generation unit of I-MW was derived to analyze its characteristics. During the early unstable stage of infectious disease outbreaks, the generation unit was 8.74 kg/capita·day, 2.69 kg/capita·day during the stable stage, and an average of 0.08 kg/capita·day during the reduction stage. Correlation analysis between generation unit of I-MW and lethality rates showed +0.99 in the unstable stage, +0.52 in the stable stage, and +0.96 in the reduction period, demonstrating a very high positive correlation of +0.95 or higher throughout the entire outbreaks of massive infectious diseases. The results derived from this study are expected to play a useful role in establishing an effective medical waste management system in the field of health care.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.345-362
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• 2023

Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum genus, comprises a significant number of plant pathogens and poses a major threat to fruit production worldwide, including South Korea. Colletotrichum species were identified associated with anthracnose in fruits such as apple, persimmon, plum, peach, jujube, walnut, and grape. A polyphasic approach, including morphology, multigene phylogenetics, and pathogenicity testing, was used. Additionally, the in-vitro sensitivity of identified Colletotrichum species to common fungicides was also evaluated. A total of nine Colletotrichum species within two complexes, namely gloeosporioides and acutatum, have been identified as the causal agents of anthracnose in common fruits in South Korea. In the gloeosporioides complex, we found Colletotrichumaenigma, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. horii, C. siamense, and C. viniferum. Meanwhile, in the acutatum complex, C. fioriniae, C. nymphaeae, and C. orientalis were identified. Notably, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. fioriniae, and C. nymphaeae were reported for the first time from apple, C. siamense, C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae from plum, C. siamense, C. fructicola, and C. fioriniae frompeach, C. siamense and C. horii from persimmon, C. fioriniae from Omija (Schisandra), C. orientalis from walnut, C. nymphaeae from jujube, and C. aenigma, C. fructicola, and C. siamense fromgrape. Fungicide sensitivity tests revealed significant variation in the EC₅₀ values among specific Colletotrichum species when exposed to different fungicides. Moreover, the same Colletotrichum species isolated from different host plants displayed varying sensitivity to the same fungicide.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2024

Limestone (CaCO₃, calcium carbonate), which is used as a raw material in the portland cement and steel industry, emits CO₂ through decarbonation by high temperatures in the manufacturing process. To reduce CO₂ emissions by the use of raw materials like limestone, it has been proposed to replace limestone with various industrial by-products that contain CaO but less or none of the carbonated minerals, that cause CO₂ emissions. Loss of Ignition (LOI), Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) are used to quantitative the amount of CO₂ emission by using these industrial by-products, but CO₂ emissions can be either over or underestimated depending on the characteristics of by-product materials. In this study, we estimated CO₂ contents by LOI, TG, IR and DTG(Differential Thermogravimetric analysis) of calcite(CaCO₃) and samples that contain CO₂ in the form of carbonate and whose weight increases by oxidation at high temperatures. The test results showed for CaCO₃ samples, all test methods have a sufficient level of reliability. On the other hand, for the CO₂ content of the sample whose weight increases at high temperature, LOI and TG did not properly estimate the CO₂ content of the sample, and IR tended to overestimate compared to the predicted value, but the estimated result by DTG was close to the predicted valu e. From these resu lts, in the case of samples that contain less than a few percent of CO₂ and whose weight increases during the temperature that carbonate minerals decompose, estimating the CO₂ content using DTG is a more reasonable way than LOI, TG, and IR.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1309-1321
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• 2023

This study was conducted by dividing L-arginine intake group (n=14) and placebo group (n=14) to investigate the effect of L-arginine intake on athletic performance, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and ammonia of men's college Taekwondo Kyorugi players during 8-week of intensive winter training. The L-arginine intake group consumed a total of 3 g, including 1 g for breakfast, 1 g for lunch, and 1 g for dinner, and the placebo group consumed maltodextrin in the same way. The 8-week winter training program was conducted at 70-90%HRR (heart rate reserve). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for the interaction between the L-arginine intake group and the placebo group of the measured data, paired t-test was used for the difference between the periods within the group, and the difference between groups was analyzed using independent t-test. As a result, there was an interaction between groups in the average number of kicks among the performance ability through the TAAA (Taekwondo-specific aerobic anaerobic agility) test , and the main effect between groups was shown (p<.05). In addition, there was an interaction between groups and time in the kick fatigue index (p<.05). In lactate, the time-interaction were shown (p<.05) and interaction effects and inter-time main effects were observed in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)(p<.05). In the case of ammonia, the interaction effect between the group and time was shown (p<.05). These results show that L-arginine intake can play a positive role in quickly synthesizing nitric oxide in blood vessels and expanding blood vessels to quickly remove fatigue-causing substances in the body for athletes who are easily exposed to fatigue after high-intensity training for male college Taekwondo Kyorugi players. Therefore, it is recommended to take L-arginine as a way to improve the performance of high-intensity elite Taekwondo Kyorugi players and recover from fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.880-890
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• 2020

Objective: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to be at risk of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between thoracic vertebral bone density measured on chest CT (D_Thorax) and clinical variables, including survival, in patients with COPD. Materials and Methods: A total of 322 patients with COPD were selected from the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease (KOLD) cohort. D_Thorax was measured by averaging the CT values of three consecutive vertebral bodies at the level of the left main coronary artery with a round region of interest as large as possible within the anterior column of each vertebral body using an in-house software. Associations between D_Thorax and clinical variables, including survival, pulmonary function test (PFT) results, and CT densitometry, were evaluated. Results: The median follow-up time was 7.3 years (range: 0.1-12.4 years). Fifty-six patients (17.4%) died. D_Thorax differed significantly between the different Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages. D_Thorax correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), some PFT results, and the six-minute walk distance, and correlated negatively with the emphysema index (EI) (all p < 0.05). In the univariate Cox analysis, older age (hazard ratio [HR], 3.617; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.119-6.173, p < 0.001), lower BMI (HR, 3.589; 95% CI, 2.122-6.071, p < 0.001), lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) (HR, 2.975; 95% CI, 1.682-5.262, p < 0.001), lower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected with hemoglobin (DL_CO) (HR, 4.595; 95% CI, 2.665-7.924, p < 0.001), higher EI (HR, 3.722; 95% CI, 2.192-6.319, p < 0.001), presence of vertebral fractures (HR, 2.062; 95% CI, 1.154-3.683, p = 0.015), and lower D_Thorax (HR, 2.773; 95% CI, 1.620-4.746, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality and lung-related mortality. In the multivariate Cox analysis, lower D_Thorax (HR, 1.957; 95% CI, 1.075-3.563, p = 0.028) along with older age, lower BMI, lower FEV₁, and lower DL_CO were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Conclusion: The thoracic vertebral bone density measured on chest CT demonstrated significant associations with the patients' mortality and clinical variables of disease severity in the COPD patients included in KOLD cohort.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2024

Smilax china is known for its excellent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. As a foundational study for applying the functionality of Smilax china extracts to cosmetics, it is necessory to investigate the concentration-dependent skin permation characteristics of the flavonoids in the extract, namely quercetin, catechin, and naringenin. Therefore, it serves as a crucial method for conducting this basic research on the functional aspects fo Smilax china extracts for cosmetic applications. This investigation focused on examining the percutaneous permeability characteristics of flavonoids originating from Smilax china. Applying Marzulli's definition, the Kp value of quercetin was categorized as "fast" at 0.1 mg/mL and "moderate" at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL. Notably, the permeation rate exhibited a decline with increasing concentration. For naringenin, Flux values were 0.69, 1.07, and 1.42 ㎍/hr/cm² at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding Kp values of 6.95, 5.34, and 3.56. Naringenin's Kp value fell into the "moderate" category across all concentrations, and as observed with quercetin, the permeation rate decreased with higher concentrations. Likewise, for catechin, Flux values were 0.75, 1.09, and 1.66 ㎍/hr/cm², and corresponding Kp values were 7.55, 5.46, and 4.16. Catechin's Kp value was consistently classified as "moderate" across all concentrations. The efficacy of quercetin, catechin, and naringenin, active ingredients in high-performance and anti-inflammatory Smilax china extracts, was found to exhibit skin penetration properties above the average. This confirms their suitability as excellent natural materials for use in functional cosmetics, given their outstanding capabilities in preventing acne and reducing inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2024

In this study, the characteristics of the early life history were investigated for the Hypomesus nipponensis in the west coast Daeho Bay. Egg's were adhesive eggs that had the property of sinking in water in a circular shape. The size of mature eggs was 0.52~0.66 (average of 0.59±0.03, n=30) mm. The hatching time took 140 hours at a water temperature of 22~23℃. Immediately after hatching, the yolk sac larvae was 4.78~5.60 (average of 5.25±0.26, n=30) mm in total length, and the mouth and anus were not completely opened. On the 7 days after hatching, the preflexion larvae was 5.91~6.64 (6.32±0.21) mm in total length, and the mouth and anus were opened, and feeding activities were started. On the 25 days after hatching, the flexion larvae was 9.70~12.3 (10.2±0.63) mm in total length, and the end of the spine at the tail end began to bend upward. On the 42 days after hatching, the postflexion larvae was 14.1~18.8 (16.9±1.44) mm in total length, and the end of the spine at the tail was completely bent at 45°. On the 56 days after hatching, it reached the integer with 10 dorsal fins, 16 anal fins, 7 ventral fins, and 19 caudal fins. According to the study, there were spot-shaped melanophore vesicles under the pectoral fins during the incubation period, the different positions of the egg yolk compared to the battlefield, the deposition of melanophore vesicles on the back and under the body of the caudal part during the postflexion larvae period, and the absence of melanophore vesicles on the torso between the head and the starting point of the dorsal fin. It was distinguished from related species in that melanophore vesicles were deposited in one row from the back of the body to the caudal part during the juvenile period.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the early life history by observing the egg development of Ladislavia taczanowskii in endangered fish and to use it as basic data for species conservation research. The broodstork used in the study was secured from the area of the Hongcheon River in Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon State. The broodstork, who was being raised in the laboratory, selected mature individuals in May 2021 and induced them to spawn by hormone injection. The size of the maturation egg was 1.50~1.79 (average 1.59±0.08, n=30) mm due to the circular invasive egg. The incubation time took 168 hours at 16.5℃ and 109 hours and 30 minutes at 25.5℃. Newly hatched larvae, the consonants had a total length of 5.55~6.31 mm (6.30±6.93, n=30) mm, and the mouth and anus did not open and had egg yolk. 5 days after hatching, the preflexion larvae had a total length of 9.91~10.8 (10.1±0.27, n=30) mm, and the mouth and anus opened, and feeding activities began. 8 days after hatching, the flexion larvae had a total length of 10.3~11.4 (10.8±0.38, n=30) mm, and the end of the vertebrae at the tail fin tip began to bend upward. 10 day after hatching, the postflexion larvae had a total length of 11.8~13.1 (12.3±0.43, n=30) mm, and the end of the vertebrae at the tail tip was completely bent at 45°. 18 days after hatching, the total length of the juveniles was 18.9~23.4 (20.4±1.69, n=30) mm, and the number of fins in each part was fin rays with 10 dorsal fins, 9 anal fins, 22 caudal fins, and 7 ventral fins. As a result of the study, the postflexion larvae showed differences in morphology from other Gobioninae fishes in the upper part of the tail's hypural, the shape of spots on the dorsal vertebrae, the vertical stripes developed on the head, and the irregularly deposited melanophore throughout the body.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.79
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• pp.5-32
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• 2024

The Korean government ranked 3rd among 193 UN member countries in the UN's 2022 e-Government Development Index. Korea, which has consistently been evaluated as a top country, can clearly be said to be a leading country in the world of e-government. The lubricant of e-government is data. Data itself is neither information nor a record, but it is a source of information and records and a resource of knowledge. Since administrative actions through electronic systems have become widespread, the production and technology of data-based records have naturally expanded and evolved. Technology may seem value-neutral, but in fact, technology itself reflects a specific worldview. The digital order of new technologies, armed with hyper-connectivity and super-intelligence, not only has a profound influence on traditional power structures, but also has an a similar influence on existing information and knowledge transmission media. Moreover, new technologies and media, including data-based generative artificial intelligence, are by far the hot topic. It can be seen that the all-round growth and spread of digital technology has led to the augmentation of human capabilities and the outsourcing of thinking. This also involves a variety of problems, ranging from deep fakes and other fake images, auto profiling, AI lies hallucination that creates them as if they were real, and copyright infringement of machine learning data. Moreover, radical connectivity capabilities enable the instantaneous sharing of vast amounts of data and rely on the technological unconscious to generate actions without awareness. Another irony of the digital world and online network, which is based on immaterial distribution and logical existence, is that access and contact can only be made through physical tools. Digital information is a logical object, but digital resources cannot be read or utilized without some type of device to relay it. In that respect, machines in today's technological society have gone beyond the level of simple assistance, and there are points at which it is difficult to say that the entry of machines into human society is a natural change pattern due to advanced technological development. This is because perspectives on machines will change over time. Important is the social and cultural implications of changes in the way records are produced as a result of communication and actions through machines. Even in the archive field, what problems will a data-based archive society face due to technological changes toward a hyper-intelligence and hyper-connected society, and who will prove the continuous activity of records and data and what will be the main drivers of media change? It is time to research whether this will happen. This study began with the need to recognize that archives are not only records that are the result of actions, but also data as strategic assets. Through this, author considered how to expand traditional boundaries and achieves reterritorialization in a data-driven society.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.160-169
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• 2024

In this study, Abies nephrolepis MAX. was divided into A. nephrolepis MAX. stem (AS) extract and A. nephrolepis MAX. leaf (AL) extract. Their anti-inflammatory abilities and applicability as cosmetic materials were determined. Tests of the cell survival rate measured using RAW 264.7 cells and extracts of AS and AL showed 97.8% and 95.6% cell viability at a 500 ㎍/ml concentration. To determine anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on the production of LPS-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells by Griess assay. The results showed that the AS and AL extracts presented a concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production. The protein expression inhibitory effects of AS and AL extracts were measured by western blot at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations. β-actin was used as a positive control. The results of western blot of extracts from AS showed that the expression inhibition rate of the iNOS protein was decreased by 50.1% at the 100 ㎍/ml concentration. Additionally, the results of western blot of AL extracts showed that the expression inhibition rate of COX-2 and iNOS protein was decreased by 66% and 8.2% at the 100 ㎍/ml concentration. The mRNA inhibitory effect was measured by RT-PCR at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations. GAPDH was used as a positive control. Consequently, the iNOS mRNA expression effect by RT-PCR of AS extract demonstrated by RT-PCR decreased by 27.9% at the 100 ㎍/ml concentration, and the iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression effect of AL extract measured by RT-PCR decreased by 48.6% and 48.7% at the 100 ㎍/ml concentration.