• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalent characteristics of Fowl Typhoid and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 56 infective or dead chickens of 20 egg laying farms in Kyung Buk province during the period from August to December 1994. 1. Among 416, 000 chickens of 92 flocks in 20 egg laying farms, 17, 360 chickens of 31 flocks were died of Fowl Typhoid. 2. Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 56 chickens in liver and spleen, and then blood of infective chickens was positive to Pullorum antigen. 3, In the survey of gross lesion of 56 chickens, 43 chickens(76.8%) were swelled at liver, 39(69.6%) were swelled at spleen, 12(21.4%) were changed with bronze, 3(5.4% ) were hemorrhagic in peritoneal cavity. 4. In transmission pattern, 4 farms were outbreaked the entrance of chicken house at first, but the others were outbreaked at various place. They were transmitted at right and left directions in flock. 5. 2 farms confirmed at the early stage of infection were eradicated by removing infective chickens and administrating antibiotics, but 18 farms at chronic stage were not. 6. The biochemical properties of 112 Salmonella gallinarum from chickens were generally identical to those of the referance, but H$_2$S was not productive, cellobiose was fermentive. 7 Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 20 isolates was performed by using 21 antibiotics, MICs of Amikacin(Ak), Gentamicin(Gm), Kanamycin(Km), and Tetracycline (Tc) were below 1.6 ug/ml, Ampicillin(Am), Furazolidone(Fu) and Neomycin(Nm) were below 3.1 ug/ml, Cephalothin(Ce), Cefazoline(Cf) and Chloramphenicol(Cm) were below 6.3 ug/ml, Nalidixic acid(Na), Polymyxin(Po) and Rifampicin(Rf) were below 12.5 ug/ml, Penicillin (Pm) was below 25 ug/ml, Colistin(Co) and Streptomycin(Sm) were below 50 ug/ml, Sulfamerazine(Sr) and Sulfamethazine (St) were below 200 ug/ml, Lincomycin(Lm) and Spiramycin(Sp) were below 400 ug/ml, Bacitracin(Ba) was below 800 ug/ml. 8. Among the 20 isolates, all(100%) of those were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cf, Cm, Fu, Gm, Km, Na, Nm, Po, Rf, Sr, St and Tc, but 6 isolates(30%) were resistent to Co, 20(100% ) to Ba, Lm, Pm, Sm, and Sp. The drug resistance patterns were simple which 6 strains were BaCoLmPmSmSp type, and 14 were BaLmPmSmSp type.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1382-1388
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activities of green tea extracts used for coarse tea were investigated by disc diffusion method using eight different bacteria. Among the green tea extracts, the 70% ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activities against Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and thus was further fractionated. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against V. parahemolyticus, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). These activities exceeded that of all extracts and fractions tested in this study. Interestingly, although green tea extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), once fractionated, the ethyl acetate fraction did not show any antimicrobial activity against M. luteus. MICs of the ethyl acetate fraction were $5\;\;{\mu}L$/disc against B. subtilis and $3\;{\mu}L$/disc against S. aureus, S. mutans and V. parahaemolyticus. 90% inhibition of B. subtilis was observed with 0.05% ethyl acetate fraction but S. mutans needed over 0.1% ethyl acetate fraction to exhibit the same inhibition as B. subtilis. Antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate fractions were reduced around 10% by thermal treatment at $121^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. All the results suggest that the 70% ethanol extract as well as the ethyl acetate fraction from green tea used for coarse tea could be further developed into a natural antimicrobial agent.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.639-657
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• 2015

There is an increasing need to improve the air quality over South Korea to protect public health from local and remote anthropogenic pollutant emissions that are in an increasing trend. Here, we evaluate the performance of the WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry) model in simulating near-surface air quality of major Korean cities, and investigate the impacts of time-varying chemical initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/BCs) on the air quality simulation using a chemical downscaling technique. The model domain was configured over the East Asian region and anthropogenic MICS-Asia 2010 emissions and biogenic MEGAN-2 emissions were applied with RACM gaseous chemistry and MADE/SORGAM aerosol mechanism. Two simulations were conducted for a 30-days period on April 2010 with chemical IC/BCs from the WRF-Chem default chemical species profiles ('WRF experiment') and the MOZART-4 (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers version 4) ('WRF_MOZART experiment'), respectively. The WRF_MOZART experiment has showed a better performance to predict near-surface CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ mixing ratios at 7 major Korean cities than the WRF experiment, showing lower mean bias error (MBE) and higher index of agreement (IOA). The quantitative impacts of the chemical IC/BCs have depended on atmospheric residence time of the pollutants as well as the relative difference of chemical mixing ratios between the WRF and WRF_MOZART experiments at the lateral boundaries. Specifically, the WRF_MOZART experiment has reduced MBE in CO and O3 mixing ratios by 60~80 ppb and 5~10 ppb over South Korea than those in the WRF-Chem default simulation, while it has a marginal impact on $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ mixing ratios. Without using MOZART-4 chemical IC, the WRF simulation has required approximately 6-days chemical spin-up time for the East Asian model domain. Overall, the results indicate that realistic chemical IC/BCs are prerequisite in the WRF-Chem simulation to improve a forecast skill of local air quality over South Korea, even in case the model domain is sufficiently large to represent anthropogenic emissions from China, Japan, and South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1606-1610
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• 2005

The effects of Whangkumtang extract and Scutellariae radix extract on the microbial growth were investigated. The antimicrobial activities and cell growth inhibiting effects were investigated to selected strains with different concentrations of Whangkmtang and Scutellariae radix extracts. Whangkmtang and Scutellariae radix extracts showed the antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli O111 and Escherichia coli O126. Whangkumtang and Scutellariae radix extracts did not show the antimicrobial activity on Listeriamonocytogenes. Scutellariae radix extract showed the antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli O157 but Whangkumtang extract did not, Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Whangkumtang extract for each strain appeared to 40 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cerus, 100 mg/mL on Shigella Flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis. The MICs of Sutellariae radix extract appeared to 10 mg/mL on Bacillus cereus, 20 mg/UL on Staphylococn aureus, Shigellanexneri and Salmonella Enteritidis. Scutellariae radix extract showed the higher antimicrobial activity than Whangkumtang extract. The cell growth inhibitions by Whangkumtang and Scutellariae radix extracts were observed from Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, repectively, during 48-hr incubation period.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.165-179
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• 2015

Objectives: This experiment investigated the antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , and Gardenia jasminoides against Salmonella typhimurium . Methods: After spreading S. typhimurium on a bacterial culture medium plate, antimicrobial activity was tested by dripping diluted Hwangryunheadok-tang or extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , or Gardenia jasminoides (80 μl, diluted 100, 50, 10, and 1%) onto the plate, followed by culture for 16 to 72 hours. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested by dripping the minimum dilution that showed antimicrobial activity (80, 60, 40, and 20 μl) and measuring the density. The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts showed continuous antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium throughout the experiment. Result: 1. S. typhimurium . (Standard Microorganism, ATCC) 1) The Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , and Coptis rhizome showed antibacterial activity in the undiluted solutions and in 50% dilutions. Gardenia jasminoides extract showed potency only in the undiluted solution. The antimicrobial potency of the undiluted solution was increased when the volume of inoculation was increased, but no difference was noted when the culture time was extended. All the extracts showed antimicrobial potency against S. typhimurium . 2. S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients 1) When compared to the standard microorganism experiment on S. typhimurium , the MICs of the five extracts were increased. However, whereas the antimicrobial potency of doxycycline was lost entirely against bacteria isolated from patients with diarrhea, the antimicrobial potency of all the extracts was diminished but did not disappear. 2) The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts was continuous even when the culture time was extended to 16, 24, and 72 hours. Conclusions: The Hwangryunheadok-tang and four kinds of extracts have antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium . Comparison of a standard microorganism with S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients showed that the antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was better than that of antibiotics. Further studies should focus on the value and benefits of Hwangryunheadok-tang , and the four kinds of extracts as clinical treatments.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1986

Fifty-one strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from various clinical specimens. Among them, 26 (51%) strains were gentamicin-resistant (Gm') and 25 (49%) were susceptible to gentamicin (Gm'). The frequencies of resistant strains to piperacillin (Pi), cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone (Cz), and amikacin (Ak) ranged from 21.6 to 31.4%, and $MIC_{50}$ of these drugs were lower than the critical concentrations of susceptibility and resistance. Thirty (58.8%) strains were multiply resistant to 12 or more drugs. All Gm' strains were multiply resistant to 12 or more drugs and one was resistant to all 18 drugs tested, while only four Gm' strains were multiply resistant to 12 drugs and the multiplicity of resistance of the other Gm' strains were less than 10 drugs. Resistance to Gm appeared to have a significant correlation with the resistance to tobramycin (Tb), Ak, Pi, and Cz. All Gm' strains were resistant to Tb and about 38.4 to 46.1% of them were resistant to Ak, Pi, and Cz. The incorporation of $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ ions in Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) did not influence the MICs of Gm, Tb, carbenicillin (Cb), Pi, and Cz as compared with the results obtained in MHA without these ions. Gm strains were studied on the combined effect of beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides by the methods of checkerboard and modified paper strip diffusion. Most Gm' strains showed significant synergistic effects by the FIC index between Ak and three beta-lactam antibiotics; Cb, Pi, and Cz, but these results did not in agreement the results obtained through the method of modified paper strip diffusion test. In order to know the nature of the drug resistance of P. aernginosa, the plasmid profile analysis was studied. Agarose gel electrophoresis of lysates processed by the method of Kado and Liu showed one or more plasmids in 22 (43.1%) strains. A group of 19 strains showed at least one band of plasmid and three strains two bands. The range of the molecular weight of plasmids was 3.8 to 243 Mdal. All strains carrying large plasmids larger than 200 Mdal were isolated from wound specimens. Three Gm' strains also harboured the plasm ids of 13 to 203 Mdal.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Objectives : Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) possesses a various beneficial effects such as free radical-scavenging, inactivation of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation, antibacterial, and hypotensive. Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious disease in a human. Oral microorganisms play a significant role in the etiology of dental caries. An aberration to this ecology due to dietary habits, improper oral hygiene or systemic factors lead to an increase in cariogenic microorganisms. Cariogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus encourage the accumulation and adherence of plaque biofilm by metabolizing sucrose into glucans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis and R-carvone, monoterpenes, is can be found naturally in numerous essential oils, on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus .Methods : The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution assay to investigate the potential synergistic effects of each five compounds of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) and R-carvone.Results : C. sinensis-isolated compounds and R-carvone were determined with MIC of more than 1,000 ㎍/mL. However, the combination test showed significant synergism against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, implicated in the lowered MICs.Conclusions : These results suggest that combinatory application of phenolic five compounds (theophyllin, l-theanine, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and caffeine) from C. sinensis and R-carvone has a potential synergistic effect and thus may be useful as a mouthrinse in helping control cariogenic microorganism.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.93-98
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• 2016

Objectives : Hwangheuk-san is a complex prescription composed of oriental traditional medicine and has been reported for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects in the recent study. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of important causes of fatal infectious diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus is reported as being for a variety of human diseases and its epidemiological relevance is mainly due to their ability of becoming highly resistant to common antimicrobials such as tetracycline, penicillin, cphalosporin and aminoglycoside. The objective of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effect of Hwangheuk-san ethanol extracts (HHS) and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Methods : The antimicrobial activity of HHS was measured by the disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method and the checkerboard dilution test, time-kill curve assay was performed to investigate synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Results : HHS showed antimicrobial activity against MRSA with a MIC value of 125 ㎍/㎖. In the checkerboard test, the interaction of HHS with antibiotics oxacillin produced almost synergy or partial synergy against MRSA. This study showed that HHS reduced the MICs of oxacillin tested, and a remarkable antibacterial effect of HHS, with membrane permeability enhancers.Conclusions : These results suggest that HHS has the antimicrobial effect and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA. This study thus can be a valuable source for the development of a new drug with low MRSA resistance.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2010

The aim of this work was to investigate the synergically bactericidal effects and cellular responses of tea polyphenols (TPP) and imipenem on imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Imipenem-resistant Ps. aeruginosa was isolated from patient in hospital. The bactericidal effects of TPP and imipenem were evaluated on the basis of its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The combined use of TPP and imipenem resulted in 16-fold and 8-fold reductions in the MICs of imipenem for the imipenem-susceptible and imipenem-resistant Ps. aeruginosa, respectively. The bactericidal effects of the imipenem and TPP against the Ps. aeruginosa was evaluated using the time-kill assay. The synergetic effects of the combinations of TPP and imipenem against Ps. aeruginosa were confirmed. Western blot using anti-DnaK and anti-GroEL monoclonal antibodies was performed to investigate the expression of stress shock proteins (SSPs) in imipenem-susceptible and imipenem-resistant strains exposed to TPP. The amount of SSPs were induced as the exposure time increased and decreased. The molecular weights of DnaK and GroEL were 70 kDa and 60 kDa, respectively. SDS-PAGE with silver staining revealed that the amount of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increased or decreased in the strain treated to different concentrations and exposing periods of TPP. Scanning electron microscopic analysis demonstrated the presence of umblicated and wrinkled surfaces for cells treated with TPP or imipenem.