• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2024

Purpose: This study analyses the Service Development Strategy for MICE in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand aim to 1) Investigate the current and desirable conditions of the service businesses in order to support the MICE 2) Undertake a SWOT analysis of service businesses with regard to supporting the MICE 3) Analyze service business distribution strategies development to support the MICE in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Research design, data and methodology: This study divided into 2 phases: Phase 1 involved qualitative research to study the process of service businesses in their support of the MICE. Phase 2 involved research and development with regard to the development of innovative service business development strategies to support the MICE. Results: The article showed that company executives and related parties understand the meaning of service business management to support the MICE to consist of 8 indicators: quality of meeting venues, access to meeting venues, meeting infrastructure, government support, additional activities in addition to meetings, the image and reputation of the city, MICE personnel, and security. Conclusions: Strategies for developing service business innovations to support the MICE consist of a proactive strategy, a preventive strategy, and a remedial strategy together with defensive strategies.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.575-585
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• 2000

This study was performed to observe the influence of host immune response on the chemotherapy of mice experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Following immunosuppression with prednisolone or immunoenhancement with Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA), mice were experimentally infected with 3 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae and treated with closantel at 1 week post infection. In the group of mice infected with metacercariae alone, 2 mice of 10 were dead at 10 weeks post infection(20% mortality), and adult flukes were recovered from the liver and the peritoneal cavity of the remaining 8 mice(100% infectivity). In the group of mice treated with prednisolone and infected with metacercariae, 8 of 10 mice died before euthanasia with a mean time of death earlier than the control group (p<0.05). In the group of immunosuppressed mice infected with metacercariae and treated with closantel 20mg/kg, 4 of 10 mice died before sacrifice. In the group of mice infected and treated with closantel 20mg/kg, mortality and infectivity was 10% and 30%, respectively. Similar results were observed in mice infected and treated with closantel 5mg/kg which resulted in 10% and 50% mortality and infectivity, respectively. These results indicated that the efficacy of closantel treatment was decreased in immunosuppressed mice, while the pathogenicity was increased. In immunoenhanced mice infected with metacercariae, on the other hand, the efficacy of chemotherapy with both 5mg/kg or 20mg/kg closantel resulted in only 10% infectivity. The results shown in this study strongly suggest that a close interaction between chemotherapy against F hepatica with closantel and the host immune system exists. Considering that fascioliasis is a zoonosis, treatment regimen against the infection to immunosuppressed patients may require a concurrent prescription of an appro-priate immuno-enhancing adjuvant.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1964

120 mice of both sexes weighing from 18 to 22 g. were used. These mice were divided nito 12 groups : control (non-restraint and restraint) , acclinmation (non-restraint and restraint , acclimation for 5 and 10 days) , adrenalectomized (non-restraint and restraint0 and acclimation-adrenalectomized (non-restraint and restraint, acclimation for 5 and 10 days) groups. The rectal temperature of each group were measured at 10, 30 and 50 min under environment of $0^{\circ}C$.Measurements were done with a microphrometer of B.T.-32 thermocorpules. The results obtained may be summarized as follows : 1) The rectal temperature in normal mice without restraint was higher than that of normal mice with restraint under environment of $0^{\circ}C$. 2) The rectal temperature in normal mice was higher than that of adrenalectomized mice at 20$^{\circ}$ C. But the rectal temperature in adrenalectomized mice without restraint was higher than that of adrenalectomized mice with restraint under cold-stress. This difference was in the order of 1.65$^{\circ}$ under environment of 20$^{\circ}$ and 10 $^{\circ}$ at 50 min under environment of 0$^{\circ}$. 3) The rectal temperature of normal mice with restraint was less than that of adrenalectomized mice (non-restraint) under cold-stress. 4) The rectal temperature of normal and adrenalectomized mice that acclimated under cold stress ($0^{\circ}C$) for 5 and 10 days was usually higher than that of normal and adrenalectomized mice of non-acclimation under environment of $0^{\circ}C$. 5) The tolerance in mice under cold-stress was increased on the acclimtion of cold.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.586-594
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• 2006

Germinal centers (GCs) have been identified as site at which the somatic mutation of immunoglobulins occurs. However, somatic mutations in immunoglobulins have also been observed in animals that normally do not harbor germinal centers. This clearly indicates that somatic mutations can occur in the absence of germinal centers. We therefore attempted to determine whether or not GCs exist in TNFR1-deficient mice, and are essential for the somatic mutation of immunoglobulins, using (4-hydroxy-3-nitropheny)acetyl-ovalbumin (NP-OVA). Both wild-type and TNFR1-deficient mice were immunized with NPOVA, and then examined with regard to the existence of GCs. No typical B-cell follicles were detected in the TNFR1-deficient mice. Cell proliferation was detected throughout all splenic tissue types, and no in vivo immune-complex retention was observed in the TNFR1-deficient mice. All of these data strongly suggest that no GCs were formed in the TNFR1-deficient mice. Although TNFR1-deficient mice are unable to form GCs, serological analyses indicated that affinity maturation had been achieved in both the wild-type and TNFR1-deficient mice. We therefore isolated and sequenced several DNA clones from wild-type and the TNFR1-deficient mice. Eight out of 12 wild-type clones, and 11 out of 14 clones of the TNFR-1-deficient mice contained mutations at the CDR1 site. Thus, the wild-type and TNFR1-deficient mice were not extremely different with regard to types and rates of somatic mutation. Also, high-affinity antibodies were detected in both types of mice. Collectively, our data appear to show that affinity maturation may occur in TNFR1-deficient mice, which completely lack GCs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2012

This study investigated the hypothesis that a sorghum extract exerts anti-diabetic effects through a mechanism that improves insulin sensitivity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-${\gamma}$) from adipose tissue. Seven C57BL/6 mice were fed an AIN-93M diet with fat consisting of 10% of total energy intake (LF) for 14 weeks, and 21 mice were fed a high-fat AIN diet with 60% of calories derived from fat (HF). From week 8, the HF diet-fed mice were orally administered either saline (HF group), 0.5% (0.5% SE group), or 1% sorghum extract (1% SE group) for 6 weeks (n = 7/group). Perirenal fat content was significantly lower in the 0.5% SE and 1% SE groups than that in the HF mice. Levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and the area under the curve for glucose were significantly lower in mice administered 0.5% SE and 1% SE than those in HF mice. Serum insulin level was significantly lower in mice administered 1% SE than that in HF mice or those given 0.5% SE. PPAR-${\gamma}$ expression was significantly higher, whereas the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was significantly lower in mice given 1% SE compared to those in the HF mice. Adiponectin expression was also significantly higher in mice given 0.5% SE and 1% SE than that in the HF mice. These results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of SE may be related with the regulation of PPAR-${\gamma}$-mediated metabolism in this mouse model.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.273-280
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• 2014

The changing patterns of goblet cell hyperplasia, intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal motility were studied in ICR and C57BL/6 mice infected with Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae). Whereas ICR mice retained G. seoi worms until day 7 post-infection (PI), C57BL/6 mice showed a rapid worm expulsion within day 3 PI. Immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol significantly delayed the worm expulsion in C57BL/6 mice. Goblet cell counts were increased in both strains of mice, peaking at day 1 PI in C57BL/6 mice and slowly increasing until day 7 PI in ICR mice. In C57BL/6 mice infected with G. seoi, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells were remarkably increased in the crypt, and the increase was the highest at day 1 PI. However, in ICR mice, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells increased slowly from day 1 to day 7 PI. Intestinal motility was increased in G. seoi-infected mice, and its chronological pattern was highly correlated with the worm load in both strains of mice. Meanwhile, immunosuppression of C57BL/6 mice abrogated the goblet cell proliferation, reduced the epithelial cell proliferation, and suppressed the intestinal motility. Goblet cell hyperplasia, increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and increased intestinal motility should be important mucosal defense mechanisms in G. seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2015

$K^+$ outward currents in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of circling mice (homozygous (cir/cir) mice), an animal model for human deafness (DFNB6 type), were investigated using a whole cell patch clamp technique. Littermate heterozygous (+/cir) mice of the same age (postnatal day (P) 0-P6) were used as controls. Similar slow rising $K^+$ currents were observed in both genotypes, but their biophysical and pharmacological properties were quite different. The values of Vhalf for activation were significantly different in the heterozygous (+/cir) and homozygous (cir/cir) mice ($-8.1{\pm}2.2mV$, heterozygous (+/cir) mice (n=7) and $-17.2{\pm}4.2mV$, homozygous (cir/cir) mice (n=5)). The inactivation curve was expressed by a single first order Boltzmann equation in the homozygous (cir/cir) mice, while it was expressed by a sum of two first order Boltzmann equations in the heterozygous (+/cir) mice. The $K^+$ current of homozygous (cir/cir) mice was more sensitive to TEA in the 1 to 10 mM range, while the 4-AP sensitivities were not different between the two genotypes. Removal of external $Ca^{2+}$ did not affect the $K^+$ currents in either genotype, indicating that the higher sensitivity of $K^+$ current to TEA in the homozygous (cir/cir) mice was not due to an early expression of $Ca^{2+}$ activated $K^+$ channels. Our results suggest that the $K^+$ outward current of developing homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs is different in both biophysical and pharmacological aspects than that of heterozygous (+/cir) mice.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.83-88
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• 2020

Purpose: Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are closely-related transforming growth factor β family members reported to play crucial roles in bone formation. We previously reported that, in contrast to MSTN, GDF11 promotes osteogenesis of vertebrae and limbs. GDF11 has been also reported as an important regulator in tooth development by inducing differentiation of pulp stem cells into odontoblasts for reparative dentin formation. The goal of this study was to investigate the differential roles of GDF11 and MSTN in dental and cranial bone formation. Methods: Micro-computed tomography analysis was performed on cranial bones, including frontal, parietal, and interparietal bones, and lower incisors of wild-type, Gdf11 knockout (Gdf11-/-), and Mstn knockout (Mstn-/-) mice. Tissue volume, thickness, and mineral density were evaluated for both cranial bone and lower incisors. Lower incisor lengths were also measured. Because Gdf11-/- mice die shortly after birth, analysis was performed on newborn (P0) mice. Results: Compared to those of Mstn-/- mice, cranial bone volume, thickness, and mineral density levels were all significantly diminished in Gdf11-/- mice. Tissue mineral density of Gdf11-/- mice were also significantly decreased compared to wild-type mice. Likewise, lower incisor length, tissue volume, thickness, and mineral density levels were all significantly reduced in Gdf11-/- mice compared to Mstn-/- mice. Incisor length was also significantly decreased in Gdf11-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Mstn-/- mice exhibited mildly increased levels of tissue volume, thickness, and density in cranial bone and lower incisor compared to wild-type mice although statistically not significant. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GDF11, unlike MSTN, endogenously promotes cranial bone and tooth development.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

This study was carried out to examine a novel inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) vaccine candidate for protection of mice against salmonellosis by immunization of BALB/c mice using various type adjuvant. The novel type-inactivated vaccine candidate was constructed by adding Chlorhexidine digluconate solution. BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups of 15 mice apiece. The mice were intramuscularly (IM) primed at 6 weeks of age and were IM boosted 8 weeks of age. Groups A and B mice were injected with sterile phosphate-buffered saline as controls; group C mice were inoculated with 5×10⁸ cells/100 µL of formalin-inactivated S. Typhimurium cells and adjuvant ISA70; groups D~F mice were immunized with 5×10⁸ cells/100 µL of the inactivated vaccine candidate and adjuvant ISA70, adjuvant IMS1313 and adjuvant IMS1313 containing 30 ㎍/mL of GI24, respectively. All mice (except group A mice) were orally challenged with a virulent S. Typhimurium strain at 10 weeks of age. Mice from groups C-F had significantly increased IgG levels compared to control groups (A-B) mice. The levels of splenocyte IFN-γ and IL-4 in mice of all groups were measured by ELISA, resulting in increased immunity in group F mice compared to those of groups A-E mice. These data suggested that systemic and cell-mediated immune responses were highly induced by IM immunization with the vaccine candidate and adjuvant IMS1313 containing GI24. Furthermore, clinical signs such as death were observed in only 20% of group F mice after virulent Salmonella strain challenge, however, groups B and C (100%), and groups D and E (60%) mice died. This data suggested that mice immunized by intramuscular prime and booster with this vaccine candidate and adjuvant IMS1313 containing GI24 effectively protected mice from salmonellosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6225-6229
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• 2015

Faecal pH and cholate are two important factors that can affect colon tumorigenesis, and can be modified by diet. In this study, the effects of two Chinese traditional cooking oils (pork oil and canola/rapeseed oil) on the pH and the cholic acid content in feces, in addition to colon tumorigenesis, were studied in mice. Kunming mice were randomized into various groups; negative control group (NCG), azoxymethane control group (ACG), pork oil group (POG), and canola oil Ggroup (COG). Mice in the ACG were fed a basic rodent chow; mice in POG and COG were given 10% cooking oil rodent chow with the respective oil type. All mice were given four weekly AOM (azoxymethane) i.p. injections (10mg/kg). The pH and cholic acid of the feces were examined every two weeks. Colon tumors, aberrant crypt foci and organ weights were examined 32 weeks following the final AOM injection. The results showed that canola oil significantly decreased faecal pH in female mice (P<0.05), but had no influence on feces pH in male mice (P>0.05). Pork oil significantly increased the feces pH in both male and female mice (P<0.05). No significant change was found in feces cholic acid content when mice were fed 10% pork oil or canola oil compared with the ACG. Although Kunming mice were not susceptible to AOM-induced tumorigenesis in terms of colon tumor incidence, pork oil significantly increased the ACF number in male mice. Canola oil showed no influence on ACF in either male or female mice. Our results indicate that cooking oil effects faecal pH, but does not affect the faecal cholic acid content and thus AOM-induced colon neoplastic ACF is modified by dietary fat.