• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to detect cell death in the liver of mice treated with thioacetamide (TAA) using fluorescence bioimaging and compare this outcome with that using conventional histopathological examination. At 6 weeks of age, 24 mice were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (G1), control group; group 2 (G2), fluorescence probe control group; group 3 (G3), TAA-treated group. G3 mice were treated with TAA. Twenty-two hours after TAA treatment, G2 and G3 mice were treated with Annexin-Vivo 750. Fluorescence in vivo bioimaging was performed by fluorescence molecular tomography at two hours after Annexin-Vivo 750 treatment, and fluorescence ex vivo bioimaging of the liver was performed. Liver damage was validated by histopathological examination. In vivo bioimaging showed that the fluorescence intensity was increased in the right upper part of G3 mice compared with that in G2 mice, whereas G1 mice showed no signal. Additionally ex vivo bioimaging showed that the fluorescence intensity was significantly increased in the livers of G3 mice compared with those in G1 or G2 mice (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of the liver showed no cell death in G1 and G2 mice. However, in G3 mice, there was destruction of hepatocytes and increased cell death. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining confirmed many cell death features in the liver of G3 mice, whereas no pathological findings were observed in the liver of G1 and G2 mice. Taken together, fluorescence bioimaging in this study showed the detection of cell death and made it possible to quantify the level of cell death in male mice. The outcome was correlated with conventional biomedical examination. As it was difficult to differentiate histological location by fluorescent bioimaging, it is necessary to develop specific fluorescent dyes for monitoring hepatic disease progression and to exploit new bioimaging techniques without dye-labeling.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gene profiles that were up- or down-regulated in the livers of high-fat diet-induced obese mice and $db_-/db_-$ mice with deficient leptin receptor. C57/BL6 normal mice and $db_-/db_-$ mice, respectively, were divided into two groups and fed a standard or high-fat diet for four weeks. Liver weight was unchanged in the normal mice but the high-fat diet led to a 10% weight increase in the $db_-/db_-$mice. Adipose tissue mass increased by about 88% in the normal mice that were fed a high-fat diet and by about 17% in the $db_-/db_-$mice on the high-fat diet. In terms of serum lipids, total cholesterol significantly increased in mice on the high-fat diet. Microarray analysis was carried out using total RNA isolated from the livers of standard or high-fat diet-fed mice of the normal and $db_-/db_-$ strains. The change of gene expression was confirmed by RT-PCR. About 1.6% and 6.8% of total genes, respectively, showed different expression patterns in the normal mice fed the high-fat diet and $db_-/db_-$ mice. As a result of microarray, many genes involved in metabolism and signal pathways were shown to have different expression patterns. Expression of Mgst3 gene increased in the livers of normal and $db_-/db_-$ mice that were fed a high-fat diet. Wnt7b and Ptk9l were down-regulated in the livers of the normal mice and $db_-/db_-$ mice that were fed a high-fat diet. In conclusion, a high-fat diet induced obesity and affected gene expression involved in metabolism and signal pathway.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.414-423
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• 2010

이 연구는 MICE사례를 이용한 만족도 분석을 통하여 부산의 MICE 전략수립에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 회의, 인센티브, 컨벤션, 전시와 이벤트 등 각 사례별 부산의 MICE를 방문한 참가자의 만족도를 연도별로 비교 분석한 종단적 연구를 실시하였다. 연구 시기는 부산에서 2002년~2008년도까지 개최된 총 10개의 MICE 행사를 기준으로 하였으며, 연구대상자는 회의, 전시, 인센티브 행사에 참가한 내외국인 참가자들이다. 본 연구를 통해 나타난 결과는 다음과 같다. MICE시설과 숙박, MICE 운영부분은 만족도가 비교적 높게 나타났으나, 쇼핑과, 통역, 항공, 연계관광 등은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 이는 참가자들의 만족도를 높여 줄 수 있는 쇼핑상품의 개발은 물론 항공연결편의 증편과 통역요원의 교육 등이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다. 특히 아름다운 자연환경과 더불어 수많은 해양 시설을 갖춘 부산에서 MICE 참가자들이 회의와 전시를 마치고 바로 관광할 수 있는 연계관광부분의 만족도가 낮게 나타난 결과는 부산시 관련분야의 담당자와 전문가들이 귀담아 들어야 할 대목이다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 부산에서 개최된 10개의 MICE 사례를 분석자료로 사용하여 부산의 MICE 전체를 설명하는 데는 한계가 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2022

본 연구는 지속가능한 MICE행사 운영에 관한 탐색적 연구이며, FGI 방법으로 수행되었다. 연구대상은 MICE분야 업계, 학계 등 전문성을 가진 12명을 선정하였는데 본 연구의 경우 무엇보다 연구내용에 대한 전문성과 특수성이 연구의 신뢰도를 높이고 타당성을 확보하는 원천이기 때문이다. 연구기간은 2021년 6월~8월까지 3개월간 진행되었다. 연구의 결과, MICE산업에서 지속가능한 발전 전략을 마련하는 것은 매우 중요하며, 특히 주최자관점에서 행사 운영 시 실천해야할 가이드라인의 필요성이 도출되었다. 또한 이론적 근거를 바탕으로 실무에서 활용 가능한 항목 도출이 중요하며, 국제적으로 통용되는 지속가능한 발전목표(UNSDGs) 및 관광 및 MICE분야에서 개발되었던 지속가능한 MICE 연구를 활용한 연구 결과 도출이 요구되었다. 따라서 이와 같은 MICE분야 전문가들의 검증을 통해 MICE 개최 시 활용가능한 주최자관점에서의 이론적, 실무적 가이드라인이 개발되었다. 연구의 결과는 향후 지속가능한 MICE행사 개최에 있어 보다 효과적인 전략 수립을 위한 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.103-107
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• 1999

In order to evaluate acute toxicity of Coptidis rhizoma, 6 week- and 13 week-old male ICR mice received Coptidis rhizoma extract (600~4,800 mg/kg body weight) orally, and toxicological responses were observed for consecutive 7 days. In the mice received relatively high concentration of Coptidis rhizoma($\geq$1,200mg/kg), death occurred within 3 hrs after oral administration, and its ratio in 13 week-old mice was conspicuously higher than that in 6 week-old mice. $LD_{50}$ of Coptidis rhizoma were estimated to bi 2,575 mg/kg and 1,490 mg/kg body weight in 6 week and 13 week-old mice, respectively. Coptidis rhizoma-treated animals manifested a variety of abnormal clinical findings such as ptosis, crouching, lethargy, convulsion, bizarre behavior and truning sideway. These abnormalities also ranked highly in the 13 week-old mice compared to those in the 6 week-old mice. In addition to abnormal behaviors, Coptidis rhizoma($\geq$1,200 mg/Kg) significantly elevated the urinary contents of bilirubin, urobilirubin, protein and glucose, and values in 13 week-old mice was higher than those in 6 week-old animals. No toxicological response was observed at concentration less than 600 mg/kg. Our results clearly demonstrate that susceptibility of mice to Coptidis rhizoma may be related with age, indicating that younger age mice is more resistant to the Coptidis rhizoma than the older, and toxicological mechanism of Coptidis rhizoma may be closely associated with its pharmacological mechanism.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to develop a reliable mice model demonstrating similar immunologic phenomena as human atopic dermatitis characterized with predominance of type-2 immune response. BALB/C mice and NC/Nga mice were sensitized twice with $100{\mu}l$ of 1% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or vehicle (acetone : olive oil=4:1 mixture) in a week and challenged twice with $100{\mu}l$ of 0.2% DNCB or the vehicle at the following week. Mice were sacrificed at 19 days following the second DNCB or vehicle challenge for NC/Nga mice and at 28 days following the second DNCB or vehicle challenge for BALB/c mice. Upregulation of plasma 1gE, a hallmark of atopic dermatitis occurrence, was evident in the plasma obtained 4 day after the second DNCB challenge from BALB/c mice (approximately 4-fold) and NC/Nga mice (approximately 6-fold) treated with DNCB in comparison with that of the vehicle treated-control mice, and remain higher $3{\sim}4$ week after the second challenge. Ratio of plasma IgG1 versus IgG2a concentration was significantly higher in the mice treated with DNCB than the control mice, which also implies the skewed type-2 reactivity in vivo. Ratio of interleukin-4 versus interferon gamma produced in the splenic T cell culture supernatants was approximately 3-fold higher in the both strains of mice treated with DNCB than their control mice, respectively. The DNCB-treated mice demonstrated atopic dermatitis-like skin legions characterized with erythma, scaling, and hemorrhage, which was not observed with the control mice. Scratching on face or dorsal area was significantly more frequent (approximately 25-fold) in the DNCB-treated mice than the control at next day of the second DNCB challenge, and scratching frequency remains higher (approximately 4-fold) in the mice treated with DNCB than the control at 14 day following the second DNCB challenge. Overall, the mice model developed through sensitization and challenge with DNCB may be useful for research on atopic dermatitis and development of treatment materials for atopic dermatitis.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.135-146
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83㏈) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP) or picry1 chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intraven-oulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.311-315
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• 2000

Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been demonstated as an antineoplastic agent in mice and human, and the route of administration is important to IL-2-induced therapeutic responses. Therefore, the current experiment was undertaken to clarify the effect of IL-2 administration route on antitumor response against subcutaneous Meth-A tumor in mice. At the beginning of each experiment, normal BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with $5{\times}10^6$ Meth-A tumor cells. Beginning on day 7, experimental groups were treated with a 5-day course of IL-2 (intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 30, 000 IU every 12 hours for 5 days). The result of this experiment revealed that Meth-A tumor grew progressively in control mice. Intraperitoneal IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth and prolonged survival, compared with control mice. Subcutaneous IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth until day 11 and tumor cells, grew progressively thereafter, but mice in this group survived longer than control mice.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.154-166
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• 2001

Naesosan(NSS) has been used in Oriental Medicine as a drug that treated carbuncle and cellulitis. So, the purpose of this Study was to investigate effects of NSS on the cytotoxicity of cancer cell lines and lymphocytes in vitro, proliferation of Ll210 cells and lymphocytes in L1210 cells transplanted mice, improvement of blood count in Ll210 cells transplanted mice, tumor weight and body weight in sarcoma-180 cells transplanted mice, survival prolongation in sarcoma-180 cells transplanted mice. We used NSS extract with freeze-dried, 8wks-old male mice(balb/c and ICR mouse $18{\pm}2g$). Ll210 cell lines, and sarcoma-180 cell lines for this Study, The proliferation of cells was tested using a colorimetric tetrazoliun assay(MTT assay). The results of this Study were obtained as follows ; 1. NSS showed significantly cytotoxicitic effects of cancer cell lines, did not show cytotoxicitic effects of lymphocytes. 2, Proliferation of lymphocytes in L1210 cells transplanted mice did not effects by NSS. 3. NSS inhibited significantly the proliferation of L1210 cells in L1210 cells transplanted mice. 4. NSS improved significantly the blood count in Ll210 cells transplanted mice. 5. NSS increased significantly th body weight in sarcoma-180 cells transplanted mice. 6. NSS dereased significantly the tumor weight in sarcoma-180 cells transplanted mice. 7. NSS prolonged significantly the survival time in sarcoma-180 cells transplanted mice.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2011

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. To investigate whether swim training improves obesity and lipid metabolism through $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation in female sham-operated (Sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, we measured body weight, visceral adipose tissue mass, serum free fatty acid at 6 weeks as well as the expression of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Swim-trained mice had decreased body weight, visceral adipose tissue mass and serum free fatty acid levels compared to high fat diet fed control mice in both female Sham and OVX mice. These reductions were more prominent in OVX than in Sham mice. Swim training significantly increased hepatic mRNA levels of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransgerase-1 (CPT-1), very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) in OVX mice. However, swim trained female Sham mice did not increase hepatic mRNA levels of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation compared to Sham control mice. These results indicate that swim training differentially regulates body weight and adipose tissue mass between OVX and Sham mice, at least in part due to differences in liver $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation.