• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for isolation and culture of mesophyll protoplasts from Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa. The results obtained from the experiments are as follows; 1) The suitable concentration of BAP for shoot multiplication was 0.4 mg/l. 2) High yield and viability of isolated protoplasts were obtained by our high enzyme-short time incubation method. 3) Optimum enzyme concentrations for mesophyll protoplast isolation were Cellulase 2%, Macerozyme 0.8%, Hemicellulase 1.2%, Driselase 2%, and Pectolyase Y-23 0.05%. 4) 0.6M mannitol in enzyme solution was the most effective for protoplast isolation and viability. 5) The most adequate pH level of enzyme solution was pH 5.6. 6) The effect of DTT and MES buffer was significant. 7) For protoplast purification, 0.6M sucrose was the most proper concentration. 8) The adding effect of Dextran T40 in floating solution was important. 9) The mesophyll protoplasts isolated through our high enzyme-short time incubation method revealed successful response to culture condition over 3 weeks of culture.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2019

Pimobendan has inotropic and vasodilating effects on cardiovascular system, and pentoxifylline is known to decrease blood viscosity and improve blood flow to the heart. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following oral administration of pimobendan-pentoxifylline powder mixture in dogs. Eight healthy dogs were included and were divided into control (n = 4) and experimental (n = 4) groups. Vehicle powder and pimobendan-pentoxifylline powder mixture (pimobendane 0.25 mg/kg, pentoxifylline 15 mg/kg) were administrated orally to control and experimental groups, respectively. Plasma samples and measurement of echocardiographic indices were obtained for 24 hours following administration. Pimobendan and pentoxifylline concentrations were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) assay. The elimination half-life ($T_{1/2}$) were $2.65{\pm}1.42hours$ for pimobendan and $0.29{\pm}0.23hours$ for pentoxifylline. The time to reach maximum concentration ($T_{max}$) were $1.08{\pm}0.72hours$ for pimobendan and $0.29{\pm}0.14hours$ for pentoxifylline. The maximum blood concentration ($C_{max}$) were $2.83{\pm}1.50ng/mL$ for pimobendan and $1184.33{\pm}932.37ng/mL$ for pentoxifylline. Among echocardiographic indices, fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular internal diameter at end systole (LVIDs), and pre-ejection period (PEP) showed significant changes at 1-4 hours after the administration of pimobendan-pentoxifylline powder mixture. No adverse effects were observed during the investigation. This study demonstrates that pimobendan-pentoxifylline powder mixture can be used to control cardiovascular diseases in dogs.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 2018

Anaerobic growth-inhibiting and acaricidal activities of 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone derived from Cyanachum paniculatum oil and its derivatives against five intestinal bacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, Clostridium pefringens, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei) and Haemaphysalis longicornis were examined. In the packet test against the larvae of H. longicornis, none of the C. paniculatum oil exhibited acaricidal activity, while the C. paniculatum oil showed only antimicrobial activity against five intestinal bacteria in the disc diffusion method. Based on the inhibition zones and MIC values, 2',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone, 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, and 4'-methoxyacetophenone, containing a methyl group on the acetophenone skeleton, possessed growthinhibiting activities against C. perfringens and E. coli. However, acetophenone, 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone, 2',4'-hydroxyacetophenone and 2',5'-hydroxyacetophenone, which contained a hydroxyl group on the acetophenone skeleton, had no growth-inhibiting activity against intestinal bacteria. These results indicated that 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone and its derivatives could potentially be developed as natural antimicrobial agents to specific control of C. perfringens and E. coli.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

For the aquaculture industrialization of surf clam (Tresus keenae), it is important to basic data on the marine environment of the habitat of surf clam (T. keenae). In this study, we investigated the marine environment of habitat of surf clam (T. keenae) and sought to basic data for the preparation of surf clam (T. keenae) for artificial seed production. The water temperature of the habitat of surf clam (T. keenae) was the lowest in winter and appeared high in summer. The salt concentration showed it range from 31.2 to 33.9 psu. The pH showed it range from 7.69 to 8.70, with high pH in winter and low pH in summer. The dissolved oxygen(DO) was showed it range from 6.20 to 10.24 mg / L and the autumn was relatively higher than the spring and winter. The species composition of phytoplankton was about 30 to 40 species, and most of them were diatoms. The abundance of seasonal phytoplankton showed it range from 23.5 to 61.3 cells / ml, showing seasonal differences. The expression of dominant species also showed a difference depending on the season. As for the particle size composition of the sediment, sandy silt was the most distributed. Flow velocities appeared at 50-80 cm / s in the southeast direction at ebb tide and at 60-100 cm / s in the northwest direction at flood tide. The results of this study can be used as basic data for providing knowledge about the habitat and marine environment of surf clam (T. keenae) and for studying shellfish that inhabit the sedimentary layer.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2023

Objectives: Based on the results from the Korean Total Diet Study (KTDS), the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake of Koreans were estimated and compared with intake estimates from the Food & Nutrient Database (FNDB), as in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to verify the validity of these estimates. Methods: One hundred and thirty-four representative foods (RFs) covering 92.5% of the total food intake of Koreans were selected, and 228 pairs of corresponding 'RF x representative cooking method' were derived by reflecting the methods used mainly in terms of frequency and quantity in their cooking. RF samples were collected from three cities with a larger population size in three regions (nine cities) nationwide, and six composite samples were made for each RF, considering its regional and/or seasonal characteristics. One thousand three hundred and sixty-eight 'RF x representative cooking method' pair samples were prepared, and the Na and K contents were assessed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Na and K intake of the Korean population was estimated by linking the content with the food intake data from the 7th KNHANES. Results: The mean Na and K intake of Koreans were 2,807.4 mg and 2,335.0 mg per person per day, respectively. A comparison with the Na and K intake from KNHANES, including only RFs of KTDS, showed comparable results with less than 5% variation. While the contribution and ranking of food items to Na intake were similar between KNHANES and KTDS, there were differences in K intake. This was attributed to the large discrepancies in the K content of rice and coffee between KTDS results and the values in the 9th Revision of the National Food Composition Table used in KNHANES. Conclusions: The Na and K intake of Koreans estimated based on the KTDS, which performed nutrient analysis on samples prepared to a 'table-ready' state using foods of the representative collection, was similar and comparable with that of KNHANES. This supports the validity and usefulness of FNDB-based nutrient intake estimation at the population level. The list of nutrients studied in KTDS is expected to be expanded, allowing for intake estimation of nutrients with currently insufficient or absent information in the FNDBs in use.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.230-234
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• 2011

According to the Codex committee, the maximum allowable level for lead in fruits is 0.1 mg/kg. This survey was conducted as a surveillance program following the establishment of safety guideline for fruits in Korea. Concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were measured in 927 samples using a ICP-MS and a mercury analyzer. The recoveries of microwave digestion method were 86.0-110.4% for Pb, 81.0-104.0% for Cd and 82.0-104.7% for As by standard addition method. The recovery of direct mercury analyzer was 106.5% for Hg. The average levels of Pb in ${\mu}g/kg$ were $10.0{\pm}12.8$ for apple, $8.8{\pm}10.9$ for pear, $4.1{\pm}4.4$ for persimmons, $14.9{\pm}12.3$ for mandarin, $7.1{\pm}6.5$ for orange, $3.1{\pm}3.3$ for banana, $8.8{\pm}8.9$ for kiwi, and $9.3{\pm}9.7$ for mango. The average levels of Cd in ${\mu}g/kg$ were $0.4{\pm}0.3$ for apple, $2.0{\pm}1.6$ for pear, $0.3{\pm}0.3$ for persimmon, $0.1{\pm}0.1$ for mandarin, $0.1{\pm}0.1$ for orange, $1.3{\pm}1.8$ for banana, $0.5{\pm}0.5$ for kiwi, and $0.7{\pm}0.6$ for mango. The average levels of As in ${\mu}g/kg$ were $2.0{\pm}2.1$ for apple, $1.2{\pm}1.3$ for pear, $1.5{\pm}1.2$ for persimmon, $0.8{\pm}0.3$ for mandarin, $1.5{\pm}0.5$ for orange, $1.8{\pm}1.2$ for banana, $1.6{\pm}1.5$ for kiwi, and $1.2{\pm}1.5$ for mango. The average levels of Hg in ${\mu}g/kg$ were $0.5{\pm}0.4$ for apple, $0.3{\pm}0.2$ for pear, $0.2{\pm}0.1$ for persimmon, $0.2{\pm}0.1$ for mandarin, $0.2{\pm}0.1$ for orange, $0.2{\pm}0.0$ for banana, $0.2{\pm}0.2$ for kiwi, and $0.6{\pm}0.2$ for mango. Based on the Korean public nutrition report 2005, these levels (or amounts) are calculated only at 0.17% for Pb, 0.013% for Cd and 0.006% for Hg of those presented in provisional tolerable weekly Intake (PTWI) which has been established by FAO/WHO. Therefore, the levels presented here are presumed to be adequately safe.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2008

The essential oil was obtained from the aerial part of Caryopteris incana Miq. by steam distillation, samples were collected by headspace (HS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods, and the compositions of the essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The fragrance of the essential oil was fougere and woody. There were sixty-nine constituents in the essential oil: 28 carbohydrates, 22 alcohols, 7 acetates, 7 ketones, 3 aldehydes, and 2 others. Major constituents were 4,6,6-trimethyl [1S-($1{\alpha},2{\beta},5{\alpha}$)]-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol (11.8%), taucadinol (9.4%), myrtenyl acetate (9.2%), pinocarvone (7.0%), 1-hydroxy-1,7-dimethyl-4-isopropyl-2,7-cyclodecadiene (6.3%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (6.2%). By SPME extraction, forty-nine constituents were identified: 22 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 6 acetates, 3 ketones, and 2 ethers. Major constituents of the SPME-extracted sample were ${\delta}$-3-carene (12.6%), (-)-myrtenyl acetate (11.2%), 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicycol [3.1.1] heptan-3-o1 (10.9%), pinocarvone (9.3%). By HS extraction, ten constituents were identified: 5 hydrocarbons, 2 amines, 1 alcohol, and 2 others. Major constituents of the HS-extracted sample were (Z)-2-fluoro-2-butene (34.9%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (6.9%), 6-(4-chlorophenul)tetrahydro-2-methyl-2H-1,2-oxazine (5.9%). The $IC_{50}$ value (0.011 ${\mu}g/mg$) in MTT assay using HaCaT keratinocyte cell line was lower than those of commercially-selling rosemary and tea tree, suggesting more toxicological studies are needed for commercial use of the essential oil of Caryopteris incana Miq.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 1994

Since it was been reported that the depolarization-induced ACh release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the ACh release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of ACh release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-choline$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $VCm^{-1}$, 2ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $0.3{\sim}300\;{\mu}M$, decreased the ACh release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibited by $DPCPX\;(2\;{\mu}M)$, a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide $(10&30{\mu}M)$, a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked ACh-release and the basal release, and the adenosine effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. PDB $(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, increased, whereas PMB $(0.03{\sim}1\;mg)$, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the evoked ACh-release, and the adenosine effects were not affected by these agents. Nifedipine $(1\;{\mu}M)$, a $Ca^{2+}\;-channel$ blocker of dihydropyridine analogue, significantly inhibited the adenosine effect, but glibenclamide, a $K^+-channel$ blocker, did not. Finally, 8-bromo cyclic AMP $(100\;&\;300{\mu}M)$, a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, did not alter the ACh release, but adenosine effects were inhibited by pretreatment with large dose of 8-br-cAMP $(300\;{\mu}M)$. These results indicate that the decrement of the evoked ACh-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by the G-protein, and nifedipine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}-channel$ and adenylate cyclase system are coupled partly to this effect, and that protein kinase C and glibenclamide-sensitive $K{^+}-channel$ are not involved in this process.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate extraction properties of crude saponin and ginsenosides, and their effects on sensory properties of emulsified pork sausage. Non-dried ginseng root was boiled in 0 (e.g., 100% distilled water), 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% ethanol, and powdered by a freezing dry method. Weight of dried powder for the 0% ethanol extraction was 20% of initial non-dried ginseng weight, while $20{\sim}80%$ and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in approximately 15 and 10% of their initial weights, respectively. On the other hand, crude saponin content in the dried powder was linearly increased for a higher ethanol content where 100% ethanol extraction resulted in 123.52 mg/g. LC/MS analysis of crude saponin for quantifying ginsenosides showed that Rb1, Rb2 and Rc were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels for both 80 and 100% ethanol extractions. In the case of Rg1 ginsenoside, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher levels. Emulsified pork sausages containing 0, 1 or 2% ginseng extracts were smoked or non-smoked and their sensory characteristics and preference were evaluated. Smoking process significantly (p<0.05) decreased juiciness and tenderness, but the treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved flavor and consumer preference. It was particularly noticed that a 2% addition of ginseng extract prevented the adverse effects of smoking process on juiciness and tenderness while the 2% addition significantly (p<0.05) improved consumer preference. The current results implied that addition of ginseng extract in emulsified pork sausage could improve sensory quality.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

Since it has been reported that the depolarization-induced norepinephrine (NE) release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the NE release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of NE release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-norepinephrine$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $Vcm^{-1}$, 2 ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $1{\sim}30{\mu}M$, decreased the NE release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, $2{\mu}M$), a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 10 & $30{\mu}M$), a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked NE-release and the basal release, and the adenosine effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. $4{\beta}-Phorbol$ 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB, $1{\mu}M$), a specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, increased the evoked NE release, whereas polymyxin B sulfate (PMB,0.1 mg), a PKC inhibitor, decreased the release, and the adenosine effects were inhibited by these agents. Nifedipine $(1{\mu}M)$, a $Ca^{2+}-channel$ blocker of dihydropyridine analogue, did not affect the adenosine effect. Tetraethylammonium (TEA, 3 mM) increased the evoked NE release, and inhibited the adenosine effects, but glibenclamide, a ATP dependent $K^+-channel$ blocker, did not. Finally, 8-bromo cyclic AMP (100 & $300{\mu}M$), a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, did not alter the NE release, but adenosine effects were inhibited by pretreatment with 8br-cAMP. These results suggest that the decrement of the evoked NE-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by the C-protein, which is coupled to protein kinase C, adenylate cyclase system and TEA sensitive $K^+-channel$, and that nifedipine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}-channel$ and glibenclamide-sensitive $K^+-channel$ are not involved in this process.