• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.6
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• pp.107-117
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• 1965

(1) In order to study the specificity of Aspergillus soya protease to soybean protein, as well as the types of peptides formed during soybean-koji prerapation the amino acid sequence for the di & tripeptide and N-terminal amino acid residue and C-terminal amino acid residue were identified. As the results of the study, the following were obtained. Gly, Glu. Ala. Ser. Glu. Ser. Ala. Val (Cys, Glu, Ser, Ala, Arg, Try, Leu or Ileu) Asp. Phe (His, Arg, Cys, Asp, Ser, Ala, Leu or Ileu) Glu. Ala (Cys, Gly, Met) Glu. Ala (Asp, Glu,) Gly. Met (Asp, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Leu or Ileu, Lys,) Gly. Leu or Ileu (His, Asp, Glu, Gly, Ser, Lys, Thr, Phe,) Cys. Gly (Asp, Tyr,) Glu. Pro (Asp, Glu, Ser, Gly, Thr, Ala, Val, Leu or Ileu) Try. Ser (Gly, Glu, Arg, Ala, Met, Leu or Ileu,) Asp. Met (Asp, Glu, Ala, Try, Pro, Leu or Ileu,) His Thr (Ser, Gly, Tyr, Pro, Leu or Ileu,) Glu. Gly (Asp, Ala, Ser, Glu,) Leu or Ileu (2) It has revealed that Aspergillus soya protease has considerably wider range of specificity than that of chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin but not mold protease and Aspergillus saitoi protease. It can be said that Asp. soya protease split the bond adjacent to glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, alanine, cystine, tryptophan, histidine preferably acidic amino acid as C-terminal amino acid residue.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2001

The effect of sludge digestion on the leaching efficiency of heavy metals from sludge by bioleaching with Thiobacillus thiooxidans MET was investigated. The used sludges were a non- and anaerobically digested. The leaching efficiency of heavy metals was strongly dependent on the pH of the sludge solution rather than the sludge condition and stolid concentration. The lower the pH the more heavy metal was leached from 3.0 of pH. The sequent orders of leaching heavy metals were Zn, Cu, and Cr. Although the buffering capacity of non-digested sludge was similar to anaerobically digested sludge, the pH decrease rate of the anaerobically digested sludge solution was faster than that of the non-digested sludge solution due to the higher sulfur oxidation rate of T. thiooxidans MET in the anaerobically digested sludge. The amount of leached heavy metals from the anaerobically digested sludge showed higher than that of non-digested sludge at the same pH value. This result might be caused by the difference of the insoluble metal types, which were contained in the sludge. An increase in sludge solids concentration decreased the leaching efficiency of heavy metals in the range of solids concentration 10 g/L to 70 g/L. The optimum ratio of S° to sludge stolid was 0.1 in both the sludge. The bioleaching process of heavy metals with T. thiooxidans MET showed the disinfecting effect over 90% as well as the reduction effect in sludge weight of 20%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.481-499
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• 2022

This study aims to determine the effects of D-methionine (D-Met) isomer and the methionine precursor 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid i (HMBi) supplementation on milk protein synthesis on immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell (MAC-T). MAC-T cells were seeded using 10-cm dishes and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 (DMEM/F12) basic medium. The basic medium of DMEM/F12 was replaced with the lactogenic DMEM/ F12 differentiation medium when 90% of MAC-T cells reached confluency. The best dosage at 0.6 mM of D-Met and HMBi and incubation time at 72 h were used uniformly for all treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times wherein treatments were randomly assigned in a 6-well plate. Cell, medium, and total protein were determined using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit. Genes, proteomics and metabolomics analyses were also done to determine the mechanism of the milk protein synthesis pathway. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with supplement type and plate as fixed effects. The least significant difference test was used to evaluate the differences among treatments. The HMBi treatment group had the highest beta-casein and S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) mRNA gene expression levels. HMBi and D-Met treatments have higher gene expressions compared to the control group. In terms of medium protein content, HMBi had a higher medium protein quantity than the control although not significantly different from the D-Met group. HMBi supplementation stimulated the production of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit protein essential for protein translation initiation resulting in higher medium protein synthesis in the HMBi group than in the control group. The protein pathway analysis results showed that the D-Met group stimulated fructose-galactose metabolism, glycolysis pathway, phosphoinositide 3 kinase, and pyruvate metabolism. The HMBi group stimulated the pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways. Metabolite analysis revealed that the D-Met treatment group increased seven metabolites and decreased uridine monophosphate (UMP) production. HMBi supplementation increased the production of three metabolites and decreased UMP and N-acetyl-L-glutamate production. Taken together, D-Met and HMBi supplementation are effective in stimulating milk protein synthesis in MAC-T cells by genes, proteins, and metabolites stimulation linked to milk protein synthesis.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.190.1-190.1
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• 2010

풍력자원평가를 위해 풍력단지 개발대상지의 국지풍황 대표지점에 설치하는 풍황탑(met-tower 또는 풍황마스트; met-mast)은 모노폴(monopole), 삼각단면 트러스 또는 사각단면 트러스 구조를 갖는다. 풍향계 및 풍속계는 이러한 지지구조물에 의한 풍속의 교란 또는 차폐영향을 최소화하기 위하여 긴 붐(boom)의 끝단에 설치되지만 계측기가 풍황탑의 직후방 후류영역에 놓이게 될 경우 차폐영향을 완전히 피하기는 어렵다. 저자들의 선행연구에 따르면 풍황탑 차폐영향은 평균풍력밀도의 경우 2.5% 이상의 오차를 유발할 수 있으므로 풍력자원평가 시 필히 고려되어야 할 불확도 요인인 것이다. 이에 한국에너지기술연구원에서는 풍황탑 주위의 대기유동장을 전산유동해석을 이용하여 차폐영향의 정도를 정량적으로 수치모사함으로써 이를 보정하는 기술을 개발한 바 있다(현재 특허심사 중). KIER-$ShadeFree^{TM}$는 이 특허기술을 프로그램화 한 것으로, 시범적으로 다수의 풍황탑 풍력자원 측정자료에 적용하여 상당한 보정효과에 의한 풍력자원평가의 정확도 향상효과를 볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In the performance test for wind turbines of medium and large, The reference met-mast should be installed for measurement reference wind speed as IEC 61400-12-1 standards and design of booms for mounted an anemometer must be considered exactly. Boom-mounted cup anemometer are influenced by flow distortion of the mast and the boom. Therefore design of booms must be important so that flow distortion due to booms should be kept below 0.5%. But, in some cases at size of met-mast structure, the distance of boom from mast is longer then measurement of wind speed is impossible because of oscillation of boom-mounted anemometer. In this paper, We measured a wind speed at several point from mast and boom and we analyzed the error of wind speed at each point of measurement. Also, we will suggest a correction method using the data curve fitting about errors of wind speed between each point of mounted anemometer.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2023

Plant pathogenic Pectobacterium species cause severe soft rot/blackleg diseases in many economically important crops worldwide. Pectobacterium utilizes plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) as the main virulence determinants for its pathogenicity. In this study, we screened a random mutant, M29 is a transposon insertion mutation in the metC gene encoding cystathionine β-lyase that catalyzes cystathionine to homocysteine at the penultimate step in methionine biosynthesis. M29 became a methionine auxotroph and resulted in growth defects in methionine-limited conditions. Impaired growth was restored with exogenous methionine or homocysteine rather than cystathionine. The mutant exhibited reduced soft rot symptoms in Chinese cabbages and potato tubers, maintaining activities of PCWDEs and swimming motility. The mutant was unable to proliferate in both Chinese cabbages and potato tubers. The reduced virulence was partially restored by a complemented strain or 100 µM of methionine, whereas it was fully restored by the extremely high concentration (1 mM). Our transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in methionine biosynthesis or transporter were downregulated in the mutant. Our results demonstrate that MetC is important for methionine biosynthesis and transporter and influences its virulence through Pcc21 multiplication in plant hosts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.365-370
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of supplemental selenomethionine (Se-Met) on growth performance and serum antioxidant status in Taihang Black goats. Fifty 16-week-old goats with an average body weight of 12.5${\pm}$0.5 kg were randomly assigned to five treatments fed a basal diet (0.049 mg Se/kg DM) supplemented with 0 (control), 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 and 1.00 mg of Se/kg DM (form Se-Met) for 80 days. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) in the groups supplemented with 0.30 to 0.50 mg Se/kg DM compared with the control group. However, Se-Met supplementation had no influence on average daily feed intake (p>0.05). Se-Met supplementation significantly increased (p<0.01) the activity of glutathione peroxidase enzymes (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum. The group supplemented with 0.50 mg Se/kg DM had the highest activity of GSH-Px compared with other groups (p<0.05). Serum SOD activity was higher (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with both 0.30 and 0.50 mg Se/kg DM than in control goats and goats supplemented with 1.00 mg Se/kg DM. Serum glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with 0.30, 0.50 and 1.00 mg Se/kg DM compared with control values. These results indicated that Se-Met supplementation markedly improved the antioxidant status in goats. Blood Se concentration increased linearly (p<0.001) and quadratically (p<0.001) as the level of supplemental Se-Met increased. The concentration of Se in the control diet (0.049 mg Se/kg DM) did not satisfy the Se requirement in goats as indicated by reduced growth rate, feed efficiency, activities of GSH-Px and SOD in serum, and blood Se concentrations. In conclusion, it is recommended that 0.30 to 0.50 mg of Se/kg DM from Se-Met (total diet Se of 0.349 to 0.549 mg/kg DM) be supplied in the diet of Taihang Black goats to enhance growth performance and improve antioxidant status.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2014

Although Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated by western medicine, many of them strongly believe in the traditional oriental Sasang constitutional classification and depend on it for food, health supplements, and oriental medicines decision making. Sasang constitutional classification is a part of traditional Korean medicine that divides people into four constitutional types (Tae-Yang: TY, Tae-Eum: TE, So-Yang: SY, and So-Eum: SE), which differ in inherited characteristics such as appearance, personality traits, susceptibility to diseases, and drug responses. It is recommended for T2DM patients to control their blood glucose very well from early stages with drugs and diet. However, many T2DM patients respond differently to their drugs, even though they receive the same medicine. Therefore, the present study investigated whether Sasang constitutional type can explain the therapeutic differences between oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) therapy (mono, dual and triple drug therapy). Patients of 618 with T2DM diagnosis and Sasang constitutional type known who received both western and oriental medicine treatment in a hospital between April 2006 and April 2013 retrospectively studied. HbA1c (%) and blood glucose (mg/dl) levels before OHAs therapy and 3 month after were collected for metformin (MET) or sulfonylurea (SU) monotherapy, MET+SU dual therapy, MET+except SU (where was either alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, meglitinide or thiazolidinedione) dual therapy, and triple therapy, according to Sasang constitutional type. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was used and paired t-test by SPSS 19.0 where P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Pattern was similar levels of HbA1c and blood glucose and which was decreased in order of mono, MET+SU dual, MET+except SU dual and triple therapy. In all patients comparison, for the So-yang (SY) constitutional type, either monotherapy was less effective; for Te-eum (TE) type, MET+SU dual therapy was less effective while MET+except SU dual therapy was more effective and the triple therapy was less effective; and for So-eum (SE) type, the triple therapy was more effective. For the management of TE type it is recommended to use drugs except SU when dual therapy is needed, restrict triple therapy and consider dual and insulin therapy; for SY type it is recommended to follow current guidelines; and for SE type it is advisable to skip dual therapy and start the triple therapy early. Finally, the therapeutic response to OHAs is different among Korean T2DM patients with different Sasang constitutional types. Taken together, the choice of effective OHAs therapy for each type is necessary in order to minimize the poor control of blood glucose level, the risk of complications, and the costs from a failure of therapy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.338-346
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a motivational enhancement therapy(MET) for impaired fasting glucose(IFG) patients in early stages of health behavior change and evaluate its effects on health promotion lifestyle, the stages of change and HbAlc. Data was collected in Health Center of U city, December 2011 to March 2012, conducted on 78 IFG patients who visited to the Health center, they randomized to intervention group(n=27) and control group(n=33). The intervention group received the MET, the control group received standard care. This MET programe was applied from MET programe. After developing, it confirmed content validity. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2-test$ and t-test with the SPSS WIN 20.0 program. Participants in the intervention group reported significantly increased scores of the stage of change(t=-20.224, p=.000) compared to those of the control group but no difference of health behaviors(t=-1.297, p=.200) and HbAlc(t=.794, p=.431). The findings indicate that the MET is an effective intervention in improving ealth behaviors and expect to be applied effectively to the preparation for implementation of health care interventions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1371-1377
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• 2006

Gene polymorphisms that are associated with sodium homeostasis in the body, such as $\alpha-adducin$ (ADDI, Gly460Trp), angiotensinogen (AGT, Met235Thr), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, Ins/Del) may increase the risk for the development of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the singular and combined effects of ADD1, AGT, ACE genotypes, and blood pressure in elderly population. Moreover, we examined the interaction of sodium intake and polymorphisms of aforementioned genes and their effects on blood pressure. Among one hundred and nine female subjects, aged 60 and over (mean 75.9 yr), the major alleles for ADD1, AGT, and ACE polymorphisms in the studied population were Gly (66.1%), Thr (64.2%), Ins (83.5%), respectively. Analysis on the combined effects of genetic variation showed that subjects who were both ADD1 Trp/Trp and ACE Del/Del homozygotes had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.01). Similarly, ACE Del/Del homozygotes who had AGT Met allele had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001). However, in single-gene analyses, no association was found between any specific genotype and blood pressure. In subjects with low sodium intake, ADD1 Trp/Trp homozygotes had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than subjects who had ADD1 Gly allele (138 mmHg vs. 127 mmHg, p=0.03). There was no difference in blood pressure between ADD1 Trp/Trp and ADD1 Gly/Gly or Gly/Trp, in subjects with high sodium intake. In summary, this study shows that interactions between the ADD1, AGT and ACE genes influence systolic and diastolic blood pressure in elderly subjects, and dietary sodium intake can modulate the effects of ADD1 Gly460Trp polymorphisms on systolic blood pres sure.