• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2014

This study was conducted to analyze the ecological environment of the 53 uninhabitable islands of Jeju for the management formulation. The result of the Pearson correlation analysis were 0.647(p<0.01) for herbs, 0.585(p<0.01) for trees and 0.762 (p<0.01) for animals which means that there is a high correlation between the size of the forests in the uninhabitable islands and the species diversity of herbs, trees and animals. For the regression modeling to predict the forest area, the R value was 0.899 and the $R^2$ was 0.803 with 79.7% statistical significance. This study also classified the uninhabited islands based on its forest area into two classes, with a forests area of 0.5ha and with a forest of approximately 12ha. The importance value of the biodiversity in the uninhabited islands was also evaluated using DEA and the islands with higher importance, namely DMU14(0.941), DMU36(0.964), DMU44(1.000) and DMU45(0.903) were recommended to be managed. It was observed that uninhabited islands with forests had a mean importance value of 0.439 which is higher as compared to the uninhabited islands without forests with 0.096. This verified that there is close relationship between forest and biodiversity.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-173
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• 2005

The purpose of a study was the present condition comparative analysis by the case of Bakery in Hotels. The sample was selected first grade hotels in seoul. The method of research was In-depth interview. The questionee were mamagers and chefs each hotel bakery. Interview was accomplished average 45minutes. The period of the research was from 1th of Februrary, 2002 to 28th of February, 2002. The survay was composed of product operation, employee operation, equipment operation, customer operation, sales and bakery characteristics. the data was analyized by SPSS10.0 mean, maximum value and minimum value were salected. Recently, as it is getting higher of importance of bakery in the food service market and many major companies run into a bakery industry, the researches about bakery have advanced, however in fact, materials or researches about hotel bakery are fewer than franchise, in-store bakery and mass production enterprise. Especially, each hotel exchanges their information through benchmarking but data analysis - accurate materials, sales, the present condition equipment is not easy to perform. The purpose of this study was to be helpful for studying hotel bakery for others by analysis. The data was analyzed by each hotel characteristics, employee, equipment, sales, productions and the present condition sales.

• Proceedings of the Korea Hospitality Industry Research Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.92-108
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• 2005

The purpose of a study was the present condition comparative analysis by the case of Bakery in Hotels. The sample was selected first grade hotels in seoul. The method of research was In-depth interview. The questionee were mamagers and chefs each hotel bakery. Interview was accomplished average 45minutes. The period of the research was from 1th of Februrary, 2002 to 28th of February, 2002. The survay was composed of product operation, employee operation, equipment operation, customer operation, sales and bakery characteristics. the data was analyized by SPSS10.0 mean, maximum value and minimum value were salected. Recently, as it is getting higher of importance of bakery in the food service market and many major companies run into a bakery industry, the researches about bakery have advanced, however in fact, materials or researches about hotel bakery are fewer than franchise. in-store bakery and mass production enterprise. Especially, each hotel exchanges their information through benchmarking but data analysis - accurate materials, sales, the present condition equipment is not easy to perform. The purpose of this study was to be helpful for studying hotel bakery for others by analysis. The data was analyzed by each hotel characteristics, employee, equipment, sales, productions and the present condition sales.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

The Aesthetics of Kwanbok and Hyungbae and their Modern Applications Starting from practical purpose, kwanbok worn by government officers were developed in original and unique fashion over long time. In particular, as hyungbae (embroidered patches for kwanbok) that had been used for kwanbok has remained in existence even today, providing inspiration for a variety of design, it is bringing attention to the aesthetic value and importance of kwanbok. Under the circumstances, this study has elicited aesthetics from kwanbok and hyungbae as follows: First, they imply the wish of long life and happiness as a symbol of favorable omen and distinguish one's status according to the shape, color, and pattern. Second, kwanbok and hyungbae reveal our ancestors' naturalistic perspective in art. Third, pleats, slits and shapes in robes reveal practical aesthetics in composition. Fourth, slits in kwanbok create the aesthetics of contrast and harmony of lining and outer cloth. Modern applications of kwanbok is of value as they represent traditions and maintain the original forms, showing the image of Korea in the 21st century. Such efforts mean that they do not only make more beautiful clothes, but also create overall philosophies in life, including personal values.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.832-839
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• 2009

Since construction of the estuarine barrage at the mouth of the Nakdong River, eutrophication and increased abundance of phytoplankton have occurred mainly due to the increased retention time in the reach. However, during the spring, there is a decrease in chlorophyll-a, as a result of an increase in zooplankton number, which preys upon phytoplankton and affects the value of chlorophyll-a. In order to emphasize the importance of zooplankton data in water quality simulation, zooplankton community data were used to simulate water quality and eutrophication at Mulgeum located in 27 km upstream from the barrage. WASP 7.2 was used as the water quality model for the river, using a monthly data set from 2003 to 2005 for model calibration and verification. The results showed that chlorophyll-a, DO, and total nitrogen in the river were simulated well during the verification period. The results of water quality simulation using zooplankton community data in the model were better than those with phytoplankton death rate, in terms of the absolute value of percent bias, root mean square error, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency. Those results indicate the use of zooplankton data provides more accurate simulation results for chlorophyll-a and eutrophication.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.643-654
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the purchasing behavior and selection attributes for Home Meal Replacement (HMR) and to identify the selection attributes affecting purchasing frequency and purchasing costs of married women living in a city. Among 837 questionnaires distributed to HMR married women consumers, 752 complete questionnaires (89.8%) were analyzed. The younger married women group showed higher frequency of purchasing HMR than the older age group. The 20s and 30s age groups showed higher purchasing costs for HMR than the 40s and older age groups. A higher proportion of employed married women purchased HMR three or more times per week and spent an average of more than 20,000 won per purchase in comparison with unemployed married women. HMR selection attributes were classified into five factors: 'taste and sanitation', 'economic efficiency', 'health and nutrition', 'convenience', and 'reliability and awareness'; mean scores of these factors' importance levels were 4.28, 3.93, 3.59, 3.54, and 3.50 out of 5 points, respectively. The importance level of 'taste and sanitation' factor was significantly greater as married women's age decreased. However, the importance level of 'health and nutrition' factor was significantly greater as married women's age increased. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicate that the 'taste and sanitation' and 'health and nutrition' factors affected frequency of purchasing HMR. The 'reliability and awareness' factor had the most significant impact on cost per purchasing HMR. Therefore, a product differentiation strategy according to married women's age and employment status should be applied. Product qualities and brand value should be improved to enhance competition in the HMR market.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.187-192
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• 2019

Purpose: The importance of the neurodevelopmental outcomes of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants has been emphasized as their mortality rate has markedly improved. This study aimed to assess the validity of the Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST), a developmental screening tool approved by the Korean Society of Pediatrics, for the timely diagnosis of neurodevelopmental delay in VLBW infants. Methods: Subjects included VLBW infants enrolled in the Korean Neonatal Network database between January 2012 and December 2014. The collected data were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (NPV) in the K-DST compared to those in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II for VLBW infants. Results: A total of 173 patients were enrolled. Their mean gestational age and mean birth weight were $27.5{\pm}2.8weeks$ and $980.5{\pm}272.1g$, respectively. The frequency of failed psychomotor developmental index (PDI) <85 was similar to that in at least one domain of K-DST <1 standard deviation. Failure in more than one K-DST domain compared with a mental developmental index (MDI) <85 showed a sensitivity and NPV of 73.2% and 75.0%, respectively. Failure in more than one K-DST domain compared with PDI <85 showed a sensitivity and NPV of 60.3% and 71.6%, respectively. Each K-DST domain had a stronger correlation with predicting a failing MDI <85 than a failing PDI <85 (P<0.05). Conclusion: K-DST could be a useful screening tool for predicting mental developmental delay in VLBW infants and referring them for neurodevelopmental assessments.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1976

Presently, there is increasing demand for geriatric nursing care because of increasing preparation of elderly population due to extended age. Of particular importance in determining the effectiveness of nursing care given to the elderly is the attitude of the nurse toward the elderly patient. Knowledge of the various changes that usually occur with aging will enable the nurse to help an aged Person maximize his potential in illness and in health. The objectives of this study were : 1. To delineate the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care. 2. To learn the influencing factors affecting the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care. The study population defined and randomly selected is 225 nurses at one general hospital, one private hospital, two national hospitals in Seoul during the period of October l0th -20th, 1975. The questionnaire method was used. Respondents were 140 nurses. X$^2$- test and t- test were employed in analyzing the data. The questionnaire form included 54 statements which concerned the attitudes of nurses to-ward geriatric nursing care. It was divided into five areas : 1) General characteristics of study population. 2) The nurse's concepts of elderly. 3) Care of the geriatric patient. 4) Interpersonal relationship with geriatric patient. 5) Teaching of the geriatric patient. Each of the 54 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A Positive response was assigned the value of＋1 , and a Negative response or no response was assigned the value of O. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The Investigation of attitudes of nurses toward geriatric nursing care. a. Data indicated , respondents have negative attitudes in their. concepts of elderly (74.3%) b. Data indicated respondents have positive attitudes in care of geriatric patient (64.3%). c. Data indicated respondents have positive attitudes in interpersonal relationship with geriatric patient (85% ). 4. Data indicated respondents have positive attitudes in teaching of geriatric patient (89.3%). 2. The results of study regarding the five hypothesis were as follows : a There was significant difference in the mean scores between the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care and level of education of the nurse. b. There was no significant difference between the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care and clinical experience, but there was significant difference between care of the geriatric patient and clinical experience. c. There was no significant difference between the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care and shift most frequently worked, but there was significant difference between care of the geriatric patient and shift most frequently worked. d. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care and marital status, but there was significant difference in the mean scores between interpersonal relationship, teaching of geriatric patient and marital status. e, There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the attitudes of nurses toward the geriatric nursing care and experience with elderly, but there was significant difference in the mean scores between care of geriatric patient and experience with elderly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.579-591
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• 2012

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a rare and endangered species and important as a honey resource. The purposes of this study were to investigate physical environmental factors and the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands at Mt. Gunja in Sogrisan National Park in Chungcheongbuk-do. The B. berchemiaefolia stands belonged to deciduous forests in mid-temperate zone and were $5{\sim}25^{\circ}$ in slope, 30~90% in rock ratio, and 6.37 in soil pH. They had 656 trees within the area of 36 ha and their average density was 18.2 trees per ha. The trees within the stands were 11.8 m in tree height, 22.6 cm in DBH and 56 years old. The number of branched stems was the maximum 8 and 32.9% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia trees over 12 cm diameter occupied 89.9%, but young B. berchemiaefolia did only 11%. The structure of B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into three groups as Acer pseudo-sieboldianum & A. mono community group, A. pseudo-sieboldianum & Quercus aliena community group, and B. berchemiaefolia & Quercus serata community group. The mean importance value of B. berchemiaefolia was 10.9%, while species diversity of the community ranged 0.77~1.31 and interspecific competition ranged 0.78~0.94. The dominance of the community ranged of 0.07~0.29 and the evenness ranged 0.71~0.93. Although B. berchemiaefolia was dominant in the habitat, but the species was already in natural successional stage to Cornus controversa or Ulmus davidiana var. japonica.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.635-651
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• 2012

To produce a level-3 monthly composite image from daily level-2 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll-a concentration data set in the East Sea, we applied four average methods such as the simple average method, the geometric mean method, the maximum likelihood average method, and the weighted averaging method. Prior to performing each averaging method, we classified all pixels into normal pixels and abnormal speckles with anomalously high chlorophyll-a concentrations to eliminate speckles from the following procedure for composite methods. As a result, all composite maps did not contain the erratic effect of speckles. The geometric mean method tended to underestimate chlorophyll-a concentration values all the time as compared with other methods. The weighted averaging method was quite similar to the simple average method, however, it had a tendency to be overestimated at high-value range of chlorophyll-a concentration. Maximum likelihood method was almost similar to the simple average method by demonstrating small variance and high correlation (r=0.9962) of the differences between the two. However, it still had the disadvantage that it was very sensitive in the presence of speckles within a bin. The geometric mean was most significantly deviated from the remaining methods regardless of the magnitude of chlorophyll-a concentration values. Its bias error tended to be large when the standard deviation within a bin increased with less uniformity. It was more biased when data uniformity became small. All the methods exhibited large errors as chlorophyll-a concentration values dominantly scatter in terms of time and space. This study emphasizes the importance of the speckle removal process and proper selection of average methods to reduce composite errors for diverse scientific applications of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration data.