• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.350-358
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• 2020

A membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) cell is constructed by applying thin layer of a cation exchange membrane (Nafion) on cathode and an anion exchange membrane (aminated polyphenylene oxide, APPO) on anode. Compared to CDI cell without CEM and AEM coating, MCDI exhibits enhanced salt removal efficiency. When Nafion and APPO are used as CEM and AEM, optimized salt removal performance as high as 82.1% is observed when 1.2 V is applied for 3 min during absorption process and -1.0 V is applied for 1 min during desorption.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.257-268
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• 2023

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a variation of the conventional CDI process that can improve desalination efficiency by employing an ion-exchange membrane (IEM) together with a porous carbon electrode. The IEM is a key component that greatly affects the performance of MCDI. In this study, we attempted to derive the optimal fabricating factors for IEMs that can significantly improve the desalination efficiency of MCDI. For this purpose, pore-filled IEMs (PFIEMs) were then fabricated by filling the pores of the PE porous support film with monomers and carrying out in-situ photopolymerization. As a result of the experiment, the prepared PFIEMs showed excellent electrochemical properties that can be applied to various desalination and energy conversion processes. In addition, through the correlation analysis between MCDI performance and membrane characteristic parameters, it was found that controlling the degree of crosslinking of the membranes and maximizing permselectivity within a sufficiently low level of membrane electrical resistance are the most desirable membrane fabricating condition for improving MCDI performance.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2016

In this study, polysufone (PSf) was used as a base polymer to synthesize sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) and aminated polysulfone (APSf) as cation and anion exchange polymers, respectively. Then the ion exchange polymers were coated onto the surface of commercial carbon electrodes. To compare the capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) processes, the pristine carbon electrodes and ionic polymer coated electrodes were tested under various operating conditions such as feed flow rate, adsorption time at fixed desorption time, and feed concentration, etc., in terms of effluent concentration and salt removal efficiency. The MCDI was confirmed to be superior to the CDI process. The performance of MCDI was 2-3 times higher than that of CDI. In particular, the reverse desorption potential was a lot better than zero potential. Typically, the salt removal efficiency 100% for 100 mg/L NaCl was obtained for MCDI at feed flow rate of 15 ml/min and adsorption/desorption time of 3 min/1 min and applied voltages 1.0 V for adsorption and -0.3 V for desorption process, and for 500 mg/L, the salt removal efficiency 91% was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.563-571
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• 2021

In this study, calcium alginate based cation exchange membrane was prepared and used to develop membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system for effective hardness control. As a major result, the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane showed 27% better deionization capacity than the MCDI with a commercial cation exchange membrane. This superior improvement in the deionization capacity was expected to be due to the high ratio of transport number/electrical resistance (S_c/R_ratio) of Ca-alginate membrane. In addition, the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane showed better deionization performance than the MCDI with Ca-alginate coating. This was because the space between the electrode and the Ca-alginate membrane was utilized for ion adsorption. The preliminary results indicated that the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane can be a viable technique for the hardness control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2022

An effective capacitive deionization process termed membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is newly designed and experimentally tested for seawater desalination. By preventing co-ions to be expelled, MCDI can improve the ion removal performance, but there is a trade-off between blocking co-ion transfer and increasing contact resistance. The conventional MCDI uses 2D-shaped films which increase contact resistance and reduce desalination performance in the trade-off. In this paper, with the 3-D shape of Nafion coated activated carbon cloth, the mentioned problems are expected to be solved making the desalination performance better. We visualized ion concentration and fluid flows with half-MCDI cell that can measure only efficiency of cathode. We found the optimal number of coatings which have the better efficiency than CMX, commercial cation exchange membrane in fixed current conditions of 100uA.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2016

We prepared heterogeneous ion exchange membranes (hetero-IEMs) for the application of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Hetero-IEMs were fabricated by compressing the mixture of ion exchange resin powders and liner low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Characterization and MCDI desalination experiments were carried for the fabricated membranes. Electrical resistance of membrane decreased and water content increased with increasing the resin content in the hetero-IEMs. However, transport number indicating permselectivity of membrane was similar with that of commercial homogenesous ion exchange membrane. The results of MCDI desalination experiments showed that the adsorption amount for hetero-IEM was about 90% of that of homogeneous membrane due to the high electrical resistance of hetero-IEM. Although desalination performance of hetero-IEM decreased compared with homogeneous membrane, it was thought to be applicable to MCDI because of simple preparation and low price.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2021

Recently, various researches have been studied, such as water treatment, water reuse, and seawater desalination using CDI (Capacitive deionization) technology. Also, applications like MCDI (Membrane capacitive deionization), FCDI (Flow-capacitive deionization), and hybrid CDI have been actively studied. This study tried to investigate various factors by an experiment on the TDS (Total dissolved solids) removal characteristics using MCDI module in aqueous solution. As a result of the TDS concentration of feed water from 500 to 2,000 mg/L, the MCDI cell broke through faster when the higher TDS concentration. In the case of TDS concentration according to the various flow rate, 100 mL/min was stable. In addition, there was no significant difference in the desorption efficiency according to the TDS concentration and method of backwash water used for desorption. As a result of using concentrated water for desorption, stable adsorption efficiency was shown. In the case of the MCDI module, the ions of the bulk solution which is escaped from the MCDI cell to the spacer during the desorption process are more important than the concentration of ions during desorption. Therefore, the MCDI process can get a larger amount of treated water than the CDI process. Also, prepare a plan that can be operated insensitive to the TDS concentration of backwash water for desorption.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

Desalination experiments were carried out with two types of cell configuration; a CDI cell constructed with carbon electrodes only and a membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) cell having a cation-exchange membrane on the cathode surface. The salt removal rate and desalination efficiencies increased linearly with increasing the cell potential. Although the same carbon electrodes were used in the desalination experiments, the MCDI cell showed higher salt removal efficiency than that of the CDI cell. The amount of salt removal for the MCDI cell was enhanced by 33.1~135% compared to the CDI cell, depending on the applied cell potential in the range of 0.8~1.2 V. In addition, the current efficiency for the MCDI cell was about 80%, whereas the efficiency was under 40% for the CDI cell. The higher salt removal efficiency in the MCDI cell was attributed to the fact that ions were selectively transported between the electric double layer and the bulk solution in the MCDI cell configuration.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.332-339
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• 2014

In this study, an anion-exchange ionomer solution was developed by employing poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) as the base material for the improvement of the capacitive deionization (CDI) performances. It was found that prepared quaternized PPO (QPPO) exhibited excellent ion conductivity superior to that of a commercial anion-exchange membrane (AMX, Astom Corp., Japan) and also the electrochemical properties were shown to be comparable with each other. The CDI tests were conducted by employing the porous carbon electrode coated with the ionomer solution and the result showed the high salt removal efficiency of about 94.9%. By comparing the desalination efficiencies in conventional CDI, membrane CDI (MCDI) with a commercial anion-exchange membrane, and coated CDI (CCDI) employing the porous carbon electrode coated with QPPO, it was confirmed that CCDI shows the high salt removal performance improved by 52.1% and 18.3% compared with those of conventional CDI and MCDI, respectively.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2016

In this study, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) as cation exchange membrane and blended and crosslinked poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane as anion exchange membrane were used and then the performance experiments of the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) installed with both membranes were carried out. The newly prepared anion exchange membrane were characterized through water content, ion exchange capacity and FT-IR. The crosslinking time of 3 h to 5 h indicated that the salt removal was reduced from 81.3, 65.7% to 53.8%. The effect of PVAm contents from 40, 60, to 80% on the salt removal was shown 81.3, 75.2 and 37.7%, respectively. As a result, it was concluded that the crosslinking time and the content of PVAm had an influence on the salt removal efficiency.