• Title/Summary/Keyword: MAC Forwarding

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A Power-based Pipelined-forwarding MAC Protocol for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (에너지 하베스팅 무선 센서네트워크을 위한 전력기반 Pipelined-forwarding MAC프로토콜)

  • Shim, Kyuwook;Park, Hyung-Kun
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.68 no.1
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    • pp.98-101
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, we propose the power-based pipelined-forwarding MAC protocol which can select relay nodes according to the residual power and energy harvesting rate in EH-WSN (energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks). The proposed MAC follows a pipelined-forwarding scheme in which nodes repeatedly sleep and wake up in an EH-WSN environment and data is continuously transmitted from a high-level node to a low-level node. The sleep interval is adaptively controlled so that nodes with low energy harvesting rate can be charged sufficiently, thereby minimizing the transmission delay and increasing the network lifetime. Simulation shows that the proposed MAC protocol improves the balance of residual power and network lifetime.

Reduced-Pipelined Duty Cycle MAC Protocol (RP-MAC) for Wireless Sensor Network

  • Nguyen, Ngoc Minh;Kim, Myung Kyun
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.2433-2452
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    • 2017
  • Recently, the pipeline-forwarding has been proposed as a new technique to resolve the end-to-end latency problem of the duty-cycle MAC protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Some protocols based on this technique such as PMAC and PRI-MAC have shown an improvement not only in terms of reducing end-to-end latency but also in terms of reducing power consumption. In these protocols, however, the sensor nodes still waste a significant amount of energy for unnecessary idle listening during contention period of upstream nodes to check the channel activity. This paper proposes a new pipeline-forwarding duty-cycle MAC protocol, named RP-MAC (Reduced Pipelined duty-cycle MAC), which tries to reduce the waste of energy. By taking advantage of ACK mechanism and shortening the handshaking procedure, RP-MAC minimizes the time for checking the channel and therefore reduces the energy consumption due to unnecessary idle listening. When comparing RP-MAC with the existing solution PRI-MAC and RMAC, our QualNet-based simulation results show a significant improvement in term of energy consumption.

멀티미디어 트래픽의 End­-to-­end QoS 보장을 위한 IEEE 802.11 WLAN MAC­-layer의 설계

  • 김성관;강상욱;안순신
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2003.10c
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    • pp.133-135
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    • 2003
  • 본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11 WLAN $^{[1]}$ 에서 QoS를 제공하기 위해 새로운 MAC­layer 구조를 제안한다. 주요 특징으로는 향후 Core Network의 모델로서 제시되고 있는 DiffServ 구조의 특징들을 WLAN에 적용하는 것을 들 수 있으며, 이를 통해 다양한 종류의 멀티미디어 트래픽에 적용될 End­to­end QoS를 보다 효율적 보장하고자 한다. DiffServ에서 제시되고 있는 Expedited. Assured forwarding과 일반적인 Best­effort traffic에 대한 service 차등화 기법을 WLAN에서 적용하기 위해 기존 MAC layer에서의 DCF, PCF 대신 EDWM(Extended DiffServ in WLAN MAC)이라는 새로운 MAC­layer 구조를 제시한다. 이를 통해 시간지연에 민감한 Expedited forwarding과 대역폭의 보장을 필요로 하는 Assured forwarding의 요구 사항(QoS)을 효율적으로 보장할 수 있다. 이에 더하여 기존의 인프라(infrastructure)인 IEEE 802.11b 환경의 DCF와 이를 통하여 service를 제공받는 일반적인 Best­effort traffic을 위한 backward compatibility 보장 방안을 제시한다.

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An Enhanced Cross-layer Geographic Forwarding Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks (무선 센서 네트워크에서 향상된 교차 계층 방식의 위치기반 데이터 전달 기법)

  • Kim, Jae-Hyun;Kim, Seog-Gyu;Lee, Jai-Yong
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.37 no.8B
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    • pp.712-721
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    • 2012
  • In this paper, we propose an Enhanced cross-layer Geographic Forwarding (EGF) protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). EGF uses an optimal back-off time to make the packet forwarding decisions using only source and destination's location information and energy cost without information about neighbor nodes' location or the number of one hop neighbor nodes. EGF is also a cross-layer protocol by combining efficient asynchronous MAC and geographic routing protocol. The proposed protocol can find optimal next hop location quickly without broadcasting node's location update and with minimizing overhead. In our performance evaluation, EGF has better performance in terms of packet success ratio, energy efficiency and end-to-end delay in wireless sensor networks.

Pathless Multihop Packet Forwarding Protocol for Inter-vehicular Communication (차량간 통신을 위한 비경로형 멀티 홉 패킷 포워딩 프로토콜)

  • Lee, Woo-Sin;Lee, Hyuk-Joon
    • Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.328-339
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    • 2007
  • Conventional topology-based routing protocols are not suitable for inter-vehicular communication, where frequent route updates are necessary due to continuous and abrupt changes in network topology Position-based routing protocols are widely accepted to better serve their purpose in such a scenario as they do not require path discovery or maintenance. However they have to deal with the overhead of the location service and inaccurate position information. This paper proposes the MMFP (Multi-hop MAC Forwarding Protocol) for inter-vehicle communication that relies on reachability information collected from received packets in making a forwarding decision without path discovery. The MMFP is designed as an extension to the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer to ensure accuracy in its time-critical operations. This paper also presents some simulation results that demonstrate the superior performance of the MMFP over AODV in a realistic inter-vehicular communication.

A Joint Wakeup Scheduling and MAC Protocol for Energy Efficient Data Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks (무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 효율적인 데이터 전송을 위한 스케줄링/ MAC 통합 프로토콜)

  • Cho, Jae-Kyu;Kwon, Tae-Kyoung;Choi, Yang-Hee
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.33 no.4B
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    • pp.207-214
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    • 2008
  • Under future internet environment, wireless sensor networks will be used in a wide range of applications. A major problem for designing sensor protocol is developing the most energy efficient technique to monitor an area of interest for a long time since sensors have some constraints such as small and a limited energy level. In addition, data latency is often a critical issue since sensory data is transmitted via multi hop fashion and need to be delivered timely for taking an appropriate action. Our motivation for designing a data forwarding protocol is to minimize energy consumption while keeping data latency bound in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a data forwarding protocol that consists of wakeup scheduling and MAC protocols, the latter of which is designed to achieve load balancing. Simulation results show that the proposed framework provides more energy-efficient delivery than other protocol.

An MAC Protocol Design in Minimizing of Data Transmission Delay for Wireless Sensor Networks (센서 네트워크에서 데이타 전송 지연을 최소화하는 MAC 프로토콜의 설계)

  • Kim, Man-Seok;Kim, Sang-Soo;Koh, Kwang-Shin;Cho, Gi-Hwan;Lee, Moon-Ho
    • Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.43-54
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    • 2007
  • The effective power consumption is the primary issue in a sensor network which consists of the sensor nodes with limited battery power. So, most of the MAC protocols in sensor networks have been designed with the consideration of energy efficiency. Generally, these protocols make use of the listen and sleep mode periodically. However, this approach inevitably causes a long transmission delay on the data forwarding path, which is mainly resulted from the sleep time of the receiver node. This paper deals with a design of DT-MAC(Data Transmission centric MAC) protocol, with minimizes the data transmission delay while it forces each node to consume its energy efficiently. Thus, a node received a packet converts its remained sleep time to the pseudo_listen time, in which the node is able to transmit a packet. With benefit of the pseudo_listen period, the data transmission delay along with the data forwarding path will be shortened as much as it possible. Therefore, DT-MAC protocol is very suitable to the various applications which require a real time sensing data such as disaster and fire alarm.

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A Forwarding Engine based on the Packet Processor for MPLS LER (MPLS LER을 위한 패킷 프로세서 기반의 포워딩 엔진)

  • 박재형;김미희;정민영;이유경
    • Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.447-454
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    • 2003
  • The forwarding enging, which handles the incoming frames and forwards them to the appropriate outgoing interface, is the crucial factor of the router´s performance. As the MPLS label edge router provides the facility that it is capable of interworking with various kinds of networks, the forwarding engine should have the flexibility processing the corresponding types of frames from such network interfaces. In order to support the flexibility, we implement the forwarding engine for the MPLS LER with ATM interfaces based on the programmable Ethernet packet processor. By exploiting instinct loop-back functionality of Ethernet packet processor, our forwarding engine handles and forwards the frames from/to ATM interfaces. The performance of our forwarding engine is evaluated by experiments on the effect of looping frames back and the number of Ethernet packet processor´s instructions.

EP-MAC: Early Preamble MAC To Achieve Low Delay And Energy Consumption In Duty Cycle Based Asynchronous Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Oak, Jeong-Yeob;Choi, Young-June;Pak, Wooguil
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.6 no.11
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    • pp.2980-2991
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    • 2012
  • Since wireless sensor networks are broadly used in various areas, there have been a number of protocols developed to satisfy specific constraints of each application. The most important and common requirements regardless of application types are to provide a long network lifetime and small end-to-end delay. In this paper, we propose Early Preamble MAC (EP-MAC) with improved energy conservation and low latency. It is based on CMAC but adopts a new preamble type called 'early preamble'. In EP-MAC, a transmitting node can find quickly when a next receiving node wakes up, so EP-MAC enables direct data forwarding in the next phase. From numerical analysis, we show that EP-MAC improves energy consumption and latency greatly compared to CMAC. We also implemented EP-MAC with NS-2, and through extensive simulation, we confirmed that EP-MAC outperforms CMAC.