• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2021

In this study, we analyzed the cosmetic applicability of extract from snow tea, native to Lijiang, Yunnan-province, China. After confirming the species as N. grossedentata through DNA analysis of Lijiang snow tea, experiments were conducted using representative tea, green tea, and a representative control group for each efficacy analysis. Both teas were extracted using 70% (v/v) ethanol aqueous solution. The polyphenol content in the Lijiang snow tea extract (gallic acid equivalent, 23.9 ± 3.2 mg/mL) was higher than that in green tea extract (16.4 ± 2.3 mg/mL). In contrast, the antioxidant (Radical scavenging, IC₅₀ 104 ㎍/mL), tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory (whitening agent, IC₅₀ 40.7 ㎍/mL), and Escherichia coli growth inhibitory (preservative) activities (IC₅₀ 2.85 mg/mL) were analyzed based on the solid content in the extract, and it was confirmed that the activities of Lijiang snow tea extract were superior to those of green tea extract (radical scavenging, IC₅₀ 234 ㎍/mL. It also showed similar efficacy to previously used active substances such as antioxidants (vitamin C, IC₅₀ 108 ㎍/mL), whitening agents (vitamin C, IC₅₀ 80㎍/mL), and preservatives (methylparaben, IC₅₀ 4.35 mg/mL). However, green tea was found to be better in collagenase inhibition activity (anti-wrinkle). Through this study, the cosmetic application potential of Lijiang snow tea is high.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.718-726
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological activities of Aronia melanocarpa extracts on extraction solvents (through hot water extraction, 50% ethanol extraction, and 50% methanol extraction). The yield of 50% ethanol extract, 84.50%, was higher than that of the hot water extract (84.05%) and of the 50% methanol extract (76.20%). The total sugar content of the extraction solvent, 35.56~37.68 g/100 g, did not significantly differ. The total anthocyanin content of the 50% methanol extract, 395.10 mg/100 g, was higher than of 50% ethanol extract (318.61 mg/100 g) and of the hot water extract (252.82 mg/100 g). The anthocyanin composition of the cyanidin-3-galactoside, 364.65 mg/100 g, was higher than that of the cyanidin-3-arabinoside (163.06 mg/100 g) and of the cyanidin-3-glucoside (35.69 mg/100 g) in the 50% methanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the 50% ethanol and the 50% methanol extracts at $100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 7.96-70.01%, and 8.90-69.21%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activities of all the extracts improved with an increase in the treatment concentration. The FRAP of the 50% ethanol extract and the 50% methanol extract at $100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were $57.14-817.87{\mu}M$ and $67.32-812.78{\mu}M$, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the 50% ethanol extract, 23.03-33.82% ($100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$), was higher than that of the other extracts. The cancer cell growth inhibition activity of the 50% ethanol extract (76.86% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) on HeLa cell line was significantly higher than of the hot water and of the 50% methanol extracts. There results suggest that the 50% ethanol extract from Aronia melanocarpa may be a useful for functional food material in the food industry.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 1989

The authors studied ED50 of bethanechol on the contractilities of the smooth muscles isolated from various organs of rat under the presence of atropine(a classical competitive blocker of cholinergic muscarinic receptor) or minaprine(a newly developed antidepressant drug) to investigate the pheripheral anticholinergic effect of minaprine. The results were as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the duodenum. 2) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the ascending colon. 3) There was significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder(P<0.01). 4) There was significant difference between ED50 of the atropine $10^{-8}M$ and minaprine ($10^{-8}M$) in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder(P<0.05).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

The objective of this study was performed to establish the in vitro culture system of porcine in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryo. These studies was to determine the effects of melatonin, nitric oxide donor(SNP), and the combination effects of SNP and melatonin in porcine IVM/IVF embryos. In routine porcine IVM/IVF procedure, oocytes were cultured for 40∼44h incubation, and the zygotes were cultured for 40∼44h in NCSU 23 medium. Then 2 to 8 cell embryos were removed cumulus cell and were allotted randomly to NCSU 23 containing different concentration of melatonin, SNP and SNP plus melatonin in 5% $O_2$, 5% $CO_2$ and 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. Cell numbers of blastocyst were also counted using double fluorescence stain method. In NCSU 23 medium treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM, the developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were 33.3%, 39.1%, 33.3% and 27.9%, respectivly. This result show that the developmental rate of morula and blascytocys treated with 1 nM melatonin was higher than in any other groups(P<0.05). The developmental rates of morula plus blastocysts were 41.9% in 0 uM SNP, 25.6% in 50 uM and 28.4% in 100 uM, respectively. The developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were decreased treated with SNP in NCSU 23. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), the developmental rates beyond morula stage of porcine embryos were 31.3%, 34.1%, 39.5%, 29.4% and 39.5%, respectively. The addition of SNP 50 uM plus maltonin 1 nM, developmental rates of blastocyst was higher rate than in any other groups. Cell numbers of blastocyst in NCSU 23 treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM were 41.0, 42.6, 39.6 and 33.0, respectively. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM , SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), cell numbers of developed blastocyst were 36.3, 34.6, 39.0, 39.9 and 39.0, respectively. These result show that the cell numbers of blastocyst treated with 0, 1 and 5 nM melatonin were higher than in 10 nM group(P<0.05), but cell numbers of blatocyst produced by SNP plus melatonin were not significantly difference in all experimental groups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.38-38
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• 2017

Water stress obstructs rice growth mainly by oxidative damage in biological cells to cause a reduction of leaf photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. In this study, exogenous application of vanillic acid (VA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) to improve drought tolerance of two Oryza sativa cultivars, Q2 and Q8 was tested. The drought evaluation based on leaf phenotypes to show that both Q2 and Q8 resulted in remarkable water-stress tolerance induced by leaf spraying pretreatment of mixed solution of $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$. The mixtures of $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treated on Q2 and Q8 in water deficit condition also indicated that total phenols, total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly greater their controls. In general, the accumulation of individual phenolic acids was increased in exogenous phenolic treatments, as compared with controls. Particularly, Q2 obtained a considerable amount of endogenous PHBA after application of $50{\mu}M\;VA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ (0.18 mg/g DW, 0.71 mg/g DW, and 1.41 mg/g DW, respectively); and a negligible content of VA (0.003 mg/g DW) appeared uniquely in the treatment of $50{\mu}M\;VA$. Similarly, Q8 also absorbed a significant quantity of PHBA in $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treatments (0.15 mg/g DW, 0.15 mg/g DW, and 0.22 mg/g DW, respectively). In addition, the spraying $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ on Q8 leaves induced similar amount of drought tolerance of Q2 and Q8 were improved, paralleled with the increased amounts of endogenous phenolics revealed that VA and PHBA played an important role to enhance drought tolerance in rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2017

Water stress obstructs rice growth mainly by oxidative damage in biological cells to cause a reduction of leaf photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. In this study, exogenous application of vanillic acid (VA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) to improve drought tolerance of two Oryza sativa cultivars, Q2 and Q8 was tested. The drought evaluation based on leaf phenotypes to show that both Q2 and Q8 resulted in remarkable water-stress tolerance induced by leaf spraying pretreatment of mixed solution of $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$. The mixtures of $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treated on Q2 and Q8 in water deficit condition also indicated that total phenols, total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly greater their controls. In general, the accumulation of individual phenolic acids was increased in exogenous phenolic treatments, as compared with controls. Particularly, Q2 obtained a considerable amount of endogenous PHBA after application of $50{\mu}M\;VA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ (0.18 mg/g DW, 0.71 mg/g DW, and 1.41 mg/g DW, respectively); and a negligible content of VA (0.003 mg/g DW) appeared uniquely in the treatment of $50{\mu}M\;VA$. Similarly, Q8 also absorbed a significant quantity of PHBA in $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$, $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$, and $50{\mu}M\;VA+50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ treatments (0.15 mg/g DW, 0.15 mg/g DW, and 0.22 mg/g DW, respectively). In addition, the spraying $50{\mu}M\;PHBA$ and $25{\mu}M\;VA+25{\mu}M\;PHBA$ on Q8 leaves induced similar amount of VA (0.04 mg/g DW). Meanwhile, there were no trace of VA and PHBA found in controls. The levels of drought tolerance of Q2 and Q8 were improved, paralleled with the increased amounts of endogenous phenolics revealed that VA and PHBA played an important role to enhance drought tolerance in rice.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the appropriate osmotic priming chemicals and their concentrations to improve germination of carrot, lettuce, onion, and Welsh onion seeds. Each chemical, including $KNO_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $K_3PO_4$, NaOH, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, and PEG 8000, was tested at three to four concentrations. Percent germination, number of days to attain 50% of the final germination percentage (T50), and mean number of days to germination (MDG) of primed seeds were compared with those of water-imbibed or nonprimed seeds. With the exception of 100 or 200 mM NaOH, other priming chemicals did not affect percent germination of carrot and lettuce seeds. However, the chemical priming did reduce T50 and MDG, especially with -0.5 MPa PEG 8000 for carrot and with 50 mM $K_3PO_4$ or 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$ for lettuce. Among the chemicals with no influence on percent germination did 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$ significantly reduced both T50 and MDG of onion seeds. No chemicals improved percent germination of Welsh onion seeds. Reduction in T50 and MDG was significant only with $KH_2PO_4$ and $Ca(NO_3)_2$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.691-695
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• 2012

수위표의 영점에서 수면까지의 높이로 정의되는 해발수위는 유량 및 유사량 등과 같은 관련 수문자료를 생산하는데 기본이 되는 자료이며, 하천 및 수공구조물의 설계 등에 기초자료로 이용될 뿐만 아니라 수자원의 효율적인 관리 및 수문순환 해석을 위한 가장 중요한 기초자료로서 국가 차원의 올바른 수자원 계획과 정책을 수립하는데 널리 활용된다. 이와 같이 해발수위자료의 이용 분야가 다양하고 그 자체로서도 중요한 의미를 가지는 점을 고려할 때 무엇보다도 중요한 것은 자료의 품질이 확보되어야 하는 것이다. 그러나 영점표고검정수준점 및 기준 수위표의 설치 이후 오랜 시간이 경과됨에 따라 노후화와 수위관측소 주변의 환경변화가 발생하게 되어 자료의 정확도가 매우 낮아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해발수위 자료의 품질향상을 위해 수위관측소의 영점표고검정수준점 및 수위표 영점표고에 대하여 수준측량 및 RTK(Real Time Kinematic) GPS(Global Positioning System) 측량을 병행하여 수행하였으며, 조사측량된 값을 활용하여 기존에 측량된 영점표고검정수준점 및 수위표 영점표고에 대한 검토를 수행하였다. 금강 및 삽교천 수계에 위치한 50개 수위관측소 대하여 기존 측량값과 비교 검토한 결과 영점표고검정수준점은 0.10m 이하(54.0%), 0.10m 초과 ~ 0.50m 이하(26.0%), 0.50m 초과 ~ 1.00m 이하(6.0%), 1.00m초과 ~ 1.50m 이하(2.0%), 1.50m 초과 ~ 2.00m 이하(2.0%), 2.00m 초과 ~ 3.00m 이하(4.0%), 3.00m 초과(6.0%)의 값을 나타냈으며, 수위표 영점표고는 0.10m 이하(50.0%), 0.10m 초과 ~ 0.50m 이하(32.0%), 0.50m 초과 ~ 1.00m 이하(10.0%), 1.00m초과 ~ 1.50m 이하(2.0%), 1.50m 초과 ~ 2.00m 이하(2.0%), 2.00m 초과 ~ 3.00m 이하(2.0%), 3.00m 초과(2.0%)의 값을 가졌다. 이와 같이 기존과 금회 측량자료를 비교 검토한 결과 대부분이 안정적으로 유지되고 있으나 일부 수위관측소에서 변동량이 크게 발생한 원인은 영점표고검정수준점의 노후화, 기준 수위표의 교체 및 위치 변동, 인위적인 하천공사 등으로 인하여 발생한 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2009

We define injective and projective representations of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$. Then we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is projective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is projective left R-module and $f_1(M_1)$ is a summand of $M_2$ and $f_2(M_2)$ is a summand of $M_3$. And we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is injective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is injective left R-module and $ker(f_1)$ is a summand of $M_1$ and $ker(f_2)$ is a summand of $M_2$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.275-286
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative, anti-wrinkle and whitening effects of Platycarya strobilacea bark extracts. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea was in the order: 50% ethanol extract ($6.75{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($6.62{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($4.15{\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activity was ethyl acetate fraction (OSC50, $0.56{\mu}g/mL$) < 50% ethanol extract ($0.02{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($0.01{\mu}g/mL$). The deglycosylated aglycone fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethanol extract (50%) suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner, particularly ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$, 717.27 min at $10{\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of Platycarya strobilacea extracts on tyrosinase were investigated to assess their whitening efficacy. Finally, their anti-elastase activities were measured to predict the anti-wrinkle efficacy in the human skin. The inhibitory effect ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts was 50% ethanol extract ($243.98{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($153.87{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($137.53{\mu}g/mL$). Also, The inhibitory effect of elastase ($IC_{50}$) of some Platycarya strobilacea extracts was 50% ethanol extract ($31.01{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($14.42{\mu}g/mL$) < deglycosylated aglycone fraction ($1.48{\mu}g/mL$). The cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction of Platycarya strobilacea extracts was formulated. The skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, and the whitening effects were investigated after topical application of the cream. The skin hydration of cream containing extract was increased by $2{\sim}8%$ than the placebo cream, transepidermal water loss was decreased. The cream containing extract suppressed the melanogenesis of skin by 9.55% than the placebo cream. These results indicate that extract / fractions of Platycarya strobilacea can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by anti-oxidative activity and protect cellular membranes against ROS. The inhibitory effect on elastase and tyrosinase, and the increase of skin hydration and the whitening effect of the cream containing extract could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antiaging.