• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 2008

Remotely sensed images from a satellite can be applied for detecting and quantifying spatial and temporal variations in terms of landuse & landcover, crop growth, and disaster for agricultural applications. The purposes of this study were to analyze topography using DEM(digital elevation model) and classify landuse & landcover into 10 classes-paddy field, dry field, forest, bare land, grass & bush, water body, reclaimed land, salt farm, residence & building, and others-using Landsat TM images in North Korea. Elevation was greater than 1,000 meters in the eastern part of North Korea around Ranggang-do where Kaemagowon was located. Pyeongnam and Hwangnam in the western part of North Korea were low in elevation. Topography of North Korea showed typical 'east-high and west-low' landform characteristics. Landcover classification of North Korea using spectral reflectance of multi-temporal Landsat TM images was performed and the statistics of each landcover by administrative district, slope, and agroclimatic zone were calculated in terms of area. Forest areas accounted for 69.6 percent of the whole area while the areas of dry fields and paddy fields were 15.7 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. Bare land and water body occupied 6.6 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. Residence & building reached less than 1 percent of the country. Paddy field areas concentrated in the A slope ranged from 0 to 2 percent(greater than 80 percent). The dry field areas were shown in the A slope the most, followed by D, E, C, B, and F slopes. According to the statistics by agroclimatic zone, paddy and dry fields were mainly distributed in the North plain region(N-6) and North western coastal region(N-7). Forest areas were evenly distributed all over the agroclimatic regions. Periodic landcover analysis of North Korea based on remote sensing technique using satellite imagery can produce spatial and temporal statistics information for future landuse management and planning of North Korea.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.25-37
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to fmd out the bask data for irrigation plans of tomato and chinese cabbage during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration, the maximum evapotranspiration, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soji texture for split plot, and three levels, irrigation points with PF 1.8, PF 2.2, PF 2.6 for tomato and those with PF 1.9, PF 2.3, PF 2.7, for Chinese cabbage, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both tomato and Chinese cabbage, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteoralogical factors considered. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2. 1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for tomato and Chinese cabbage were shown as 355.8 mm and 233.0 mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for tomato and Chinese cabbage, 68.0 mm and 43.8 mm, respectively. 3. The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage of growing period for tomato, and at any growth stage till the late of Septemberfor Chinese cabbage. 4. The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for tomato and Chinese cabbage was occurred in the order of pF 1.8>pF 2.2>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of silty clay>sandy loam>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture. 5. 1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period of tomato were shown as 327.3 mm and 0.92 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 261.0 mm and 1.12 respectively. 6. The time that maximum evapotranspiration of tomato can be occurred is at the date of fortieth to fiftieth after transplanting and the time for Chinese cabbage is presumed to he in the late of septemben At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for tomato is presumed to be 74.8 mm and 1.10 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 43.8 mm and 1.00. 7. In aspect of only irrigaton point, the weight of raw tomato and Chinese cabbage were mcreased in the order of pF 2.2>pF 1.8>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7, respectively but optimum irrigation point for tomato and Chinese cabbage, is presumed to be pF 2.6 - 2.7 if nonsignificance of the yield between the different irrigation treatments, economy of water, and reduction in labour of irrigaion are synthetically considered. 8. The soil moisture extraction patterns of tomato and Chinese cabbage have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7 cm deep layer at the beginning stage of growth m any soil texture and that extraction rates of 21 cm to 35 cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. And especially the extraction rates of 21 cm deep layer and 35 cm deep layer have shown tendency to be more increased in silty clay than in any other soils. 9. As optimum irrigation point is presumed to be pF Z6-2.7, total readily available moisture of tomato in silty clay, sandy loam and sandy sofl becomes to be 19.06 mm, 21.37 mm and 20.91 mm respectively while that of Chinese cabbage, 18.51 mm, 20.27 mm, 21.11 mm respectively. 10. On the basis of optimum irrigation point with pF 2.6 - 2.7 the intervals of irrigation date of tomato and Chinese cabbage at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be three days and five days respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1996

For improvement germination rate of Cirsium setidens, wet seeds were storaged for 20 to 80 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and germinated at $18^{\circ}C$ in the dark or light condition. To assess the effects of shading and plant age on the growth, fresh yield and seed yield under rain shelter in highland at altitude of 800m above sea level, seeds were sown in an open field in late september,1990. In early May the next the seedlings were transplanted for vegetatable and seed production in the plastic houses for rain shelter. They were grown from 1991 to 1993 in the houses covered with the shading nets ranging from 0 to 70% for vegetable production and 0 to 50% for seed production. Germination rate inceased as the storage period lengthened, and the rate came to $60\sim80%$ at 60days after germination. It was more effective in lighting than in darkness. For vegetable production, the shading net treatments showed more values in almost the characters checked at the third year than the non-shading treatment. No. of stem, no, of leaves, stem length and degree of softening were no different between shading net treatments, but the other characters were significantly different. Ratio of survival, density of chlorophyll and ratio of dry matter of plants were highest in the plots of 50%, 70%, and 30% of shading, respectively. The highest fresh yield was recorded from 2-year plants, 70% of shading from them showed the greatest yield. The highest seed yields were produced 2-year-old plants of non-shading plot. For seed production, the non-shading treatment is best, and the highest seed yields were obtained in both the second and third years.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2009

Bulnesia sarmienti (BS), a traditional South American herbal medicine native to Gran Chaco, has been used to treat various human ailments. We investigated the cytotoxic activities and the inhibitory effects of BS bark extract(0, 50, 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/\;mL$) on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), cyclooxygenase (COX) and proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml)-stimulated murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The levels of NO, COX, PGE2 production and proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) were measured by ELISA kit. Cell viability, as measured by the MTT assay, showed that BS extract had no significant cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells. BS extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ and COX production accompanied by an attenuation of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ formation in macrophages. These results suggest that BS extract has potential as an herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of mud flat bacteria origin protease supplementation on growth performance, amino acid digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality, fecal VFA (volatile fatty acids) and NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) concentration in finishing pigs. Eighty pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 60.08±2.69 kg average initial body weight) were used during experimental period. Dietary treatments included 1) high nutrient density diet, 2) high nutrient density diet+0.1% protease, 3) low nutrient density diet and 4) low nutrient density diet+0.1% protease. For overall period, ADG was improved in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). DM and N digestibilities were improved in treatments of high nutrient density diet and low nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). Essential amino acid digestibility was improved in treatment of low nutrient density diet added protease compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Nonessential amino acid digestibility was improved in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatments of high and low nutrient density diet (P<0.05). BUN (blood urea nitrogen)　concentration in blood was increased in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). L*value of M. longissimus dorsi muscle was increased in treatments of low nutrient density diet compared with treatments of high nutrient density diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, mud flat bacteria origin protease was effective for improving growth performance, amino acid digestibility and influencing BUN concentration and meat color in finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2010

The properties of upland soils are much more dependent upon topography than those of paddy soils, and they give us very useful information to manage the upland fields. Therefore, we investigated the selected physical and chemical properties of upland soils at 84 and 150 topographic sampling sites, respectively. The topographic sites included 34.7% of local valley and fans, 18.7% of hilly and mountains, 20.0% of mountain foot slopes, 14.0% of alluvial plains, 8.0% of diluvium, and 4.6% of fluvio-marine deposits. Based on the investigation, soil textures in Jeonbuk upland fields were mostly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and clay soils, especially sandy clay loam soils were evenly distributed in all of the topographic sites. Soil slopes in the sites ranged from 0 to 15%, which showed an optimal condition for farm land. Soil bulk density and compaction values were from 1.19 to 1.24 g $cm^{-3}$ and from 12.1 to 13.9 mm, respectively. As comparing with the optimal conditions of soil chemical properties for upland soils proposed by National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea, 37%, 42.7%, 93.0% of the sites were within optimum levels with soil pH, content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity, respectively. However, 64.0%, 47.3%, 48.7%, and 42.7% of the upland soils contained excess levels of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and available phosphorus, respectively. In addition, the contents of heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the Jeonbuk upland soils were much less than threshold levels.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2011

In animal studies, Magnesium (Mg) - incorporated oxidized implants showed significant enhancement of the bone response. This prospective clinical trial was performed to investigate the success rate, implant stability and marginal bone loss of Mg oxidized clinical implant. The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board of the Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital. Fifty healthy patients had partial edentulism were included in this study. Mg oxidized clinical implants (Implant M, Shinhung, Korea) were installed and restored with conventional protocol. The patients were recalled at 1, 3, 6 months after functional loading. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured and periapical radiographic images were obtained. Amount of marginal bone loss was calculated with calibrated images from periapical radiographs. Repeated measured analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test were used to compare the mean ISQ and bone level. A total of 101 implants were analyzed. The mean ISQ values increased continuously with time lapse from 68.4 at fixture installation to 71.5 at 6 months after loading. Implant stability was correlated with gender, fixture diameter, bone quality and implant sites. The mean marginal bone loss during 6 months after loading was 0.26 mm. There was no failed implant and six-month success rate was 100%. Within the limitations of this study, the six-month success rate of Mg oxidized implant was satisfactory. The implant stability and marginal bone level were excellent. However, further longer clinical studies will be needed to confirm the success of Mg oxidized clinical implant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a contaminant generated in the fermentation processes of various fermented foods. In this study, residue levels of EC in 95 alcoholic beverage samples were determined by using Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). All the samples were purified by a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method using dichloromethane. The LLE method enables an improvement in time and cost to detection and specificity over the conventional extraction methods. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) to analyze EC were 1.3 and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery rates of EC were ranged from 90.0 to 97.5% at the levels of 50, 100, and 500 ug/L. Among traditional grain-based alcoholic beverage samples (n = 34), the average residue levels of EC in takju, yakju, and cheongju were 0.63, 7.01, and 14.11 ug/L, respectively. Among fruit-based alcoholic beverage samples (n = 48), those of EC in japanese apricot spirits, bokbunjaju, grape wines, and other fruit wines were 79.18, 1.66, 2.64, and 2.39 ug/L, respectively. Among distilled or diluted alcoholic beverage samples (n = 13), those of EC in soju (distilled or diluted), general distillates, liquors, and brandies were 0, 3.30, 8.20, and 8.52 ug/L, respectively. Therefore, this study reports that the residue levels of EC in the alcoholic beverages, distributed in the current domestic markets, did not reach its maximum allowed levels of 30 and 400 ug/L established for grape and fruit wines in Canada, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 2004

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 resulted not only in the establishment of the Socialist regime, but also in the critical changes in the Russian archival system. The Soviet government issued "Decree On the Reorganization and Centralization of Archival Affairs in the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic", which prepared the ground for the archival administration in USSR. After having been revised and supplemented in the 1920's, the decree, signed by V. I. Lenin, was changed into "The Decree on the Archival Administration of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic", by which the Bolshevik government was able not only to develop the conception of the State Archival Fond with the Single Archival Fond, but also to enlarge the archival collection. Besides, it was remarkable that the archival decree of 1929 provided the justification for actual developments of the archival institution. And from the practical point of view, the decree improved the archival affairs by means of the defining of the conservation period. It was at the beginning of the Stalin's period that the decree of 1929 was issued. Therefore, it may be said that the decree was one of the proofs as well as the agricultural collectivization and the industrialization that Stalin gained the overall control of the Soviet government. It was confirmed when the Second Conference of Soviet Archivists was held from 25 May to 1 June in 1929. After this meeting, M. N. Pokrovskii, who was the director of the Archival Administration in the course of the 1920's, lost the influence over the Soviet archival organizations, which meant that the autonomy of the Soviet archivists was reduced in a great degree. The Central Archival Administration of the Bolshevik regime experienced the analogous changes. It was changed into the Central Archival Agent in 1929 when the Stalinist system became strengthened. At the same time, it was significant that the Central Archival Administration of USSR was established. However, the Soviet archival affairs became under the direct control of the N. K. V. D. in the period of the Great Purge.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.11
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• pp.31-41
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• 1993

The biochemical effects of ABA and $GA_3$ on rice seedling stages were investigated from two rice cultivars, Dongjinbyeo and Samgangbyeo. Some of the results obtained are as follows ; The shoot growth was significantly increased at all concentrations of $GA_3$ compared to the control but it was completely inhibited by ABA. The root length was not affected by all concentrations of $GA_3$ except for the highest concentration of $10^{-3}M$. ABA had an inhibitary effect on root growth and showed similar trend to the shoot growth. By increasing the concentration of $GA_3$, sugar content of rice seedlings was increased and starch content was decreased. On the contrary, the treatment of ABA revealed that sugar content was decreasing with higher level of starch content. Chlorophyll content was greatly reduced at the all concentrations of $GA_3$ in both cultivars tested. Generally, the responses of root activity decreased with treatment of $GA_3$ but no difference in the activity was observed in Samgangbyeo. Major fatty acids of rice seedlings were investigated as palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid with little contents of linolenic acid and stearic acid. The contents of these fatty acids were decreased with ABA and increased with $GA_3$ treatment, respectively. A protein band of 24 kD in the electrophoresis was observed with ABA treated rice seedlings but not with $GA_3$.