• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.669-675
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory action of $2-hydroxyethyl-{\beta}-undecenate$ (HPS) purified from Cumin (Cuminum cymium L.) seed against periodontitis. From the study in which human leukocyte was employed to detect the inhibiting effects of 5-lipokygenase and cyclooxygenase, enzymes generating carriers of infection like $LTB_4$ and PGs, as well as of collagenase and elastase, organ-destroying enzymes, following conclusions could be drawn: HPS was found to inhibit leukotrien $B_4$ biosynthesis by stimulating more than 97% of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) with addition of $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$ when $IC_{50}$ was set at $2\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;M$. Ninety-two percent of enzyme activation turned out to be inhibited when $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$ was added in a test to prove inhibiting effects of HPS against activation of PMNL 5-lipoxygenase from homogeneous humans and purified 5-lipoxygenase on the market. Besides, $IC_{50}$ for enzyme activation was valued at $2.5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;M$, while the value of $IC_{50}$ for purified 5-lipoxygenase was $2.3\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;M$. The $IC_{50}$ values of COX-activated leukocyte and purified collagenase were $5.1\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;M$ and $2.3\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;M$, respectively. Moreover, the value of $IC_{50}$ for activation of leukocyte collagenase was $2\;{\times}\;10^{-3}\;M$, whereas that for purified collagenase was $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$. In case of leukocyte elastase, addition of $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$ inhibited its activation by 66%. In case of purified one, however, activation of enzyme was inhibited by 25% with addition of $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$. Furthermore, the $IC_{50}$ value for activation of leukocyte elastase was revealed to be $7.5\;{\times}\;10^{-3}\;M$. From the virulence test with human gingiva cell, it was shown that, on the second day of cultivation, 47.83% of the cell had been activated when HPS was added by $5\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$. Even the addition of HPS by $1\;{\times}\;10^{-2}\;M$ featured 68.53% of cell activation, suggesting relatively strong toxicity of the substance against gingiva cell.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1981

Avicelase, CMCase and salicinase of A.phoenicis K.U. 175 were purified from wheat bran culture by salting out with ammonium sulfate, dialysis and successive column chromatography Sephadex G-100. Optimum pH and temperature of avicelase were pH 3.8-4.8, $35-55^{\circ}C$ and that of CMCase, salicinase were pH4.5-5.5, $45-60^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5-6.0, $45-60^{\circ}C$ respectively. These enzymes were relatively thermostable, alkali unstable and inhibited by $Ca^{++},\;Mn^{++},\;Cu^{++},\;and\;Hg^{++}$. Km values of avicelase, CMCase and salicinase were calculated to be $1.5{\times}10^{-4}M,\;5.5{\times}10^{-4}M\;and\;2.75{\times}10^{-5}M$ and Vmax values $1.66{\times}10^{-4}mM/min,\;3.33{\times}10^{-4}mM/min\;and\;1.14{\times}10^{-4}mM/min$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.257-261
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• 1997

To scrutinize the bacterial community composition of Lake Soyang in winter, bacterial numbers belonging to Eubacteria, Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group were estimated by using 16S and 23S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes. Total bacterial numbers ranged from $0.7{\times}10^6$ to $1.1{\times}10^6cells{\cdot}ml^{-1}$, and vertical profile of total bacteria showed a peak at 5 m depth. The ratio of eubacteria to total bacteria were 34~90% and at 5 m and 10 m depths those were low exhibiting, 39 and 34%, respectively. The percentage of proteobacteria ${\alpha}$-group ranged 10.8~28.7%, ${\beta}$-group 4.5~53.5%, ${\gamma}$-group 4.9~35.5% and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group 6.1~21.1%. The dominant groups were ${\beta}$-group at 0, 2 and 5 m, ${\gamma}$-group at 10 m, ${\alpha}$-group at 30 m and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group at 50 m depth. In winter season, Lake Soyang can be divided into three layer, 0~2 m, 5~10 m and 30~50 m, by the bacteria community composition. By this method, new informations about aquatic ecosystem were developed.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.185-192
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• 1987

Anethole, eugenol, isoeugenol, safrole and isosafrole are ingredients of refined oils which are obtained from some plants and their chemical structures are very similar. They are mainly used as a flavoring agent, food additive, carminative. dental analgesics and for many drugs. But, there is no report about their effect on gastric secretion and gastric motility. To examine the effect of anethole, eugenol, isoeugenol, safrole and isosafrole on gastric secretion in rats and gastric motility in pigeons, this paper was investigated. The results were as follows ; 1. All of 5 essential oils showed significant inhibitory effect compared with control group on gastric secretion at the rate of 1.00 ml/100 g, 0.50 ml/100 g B. W. in the rat. 2. Eugenol, isoeugenol and isosafrole showed significant inhibitory effect on gastric secretion at the rate of 0.25 ml/100 g B. W. in the rat. 3. Isosafrole showed the most inhibitory effect on gastric secretion in 5 essential oils. 4. All of 5 essential oils, in a more or less degree. showed temporary inhibitory effect on gastric motility in the pigeon. 5. In conclusion, all of 5 essential oils showed inhibitory action on gastric secretion in the rat and gastric motility in the pigeon.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 1994

The role of metal ions for the activity of the mitochondrial $F_1-ATPase$ was studied. Removal of non-heme iron ion from the mitochondria by dialysis against chelating agents, 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and 10 mM o-phenanthroline(o-Phe), led to 56% and 49% inactivation of the enzyme, respectively. The enzyme dialyzed against EDTA was reactivated 81% by the addition of 0.5 mM $Fe^{3+}$ and 70% by 0.5 mM $Mg^{2+}$. But, $Fe^{2+}$ did not reactivate the enzyme. Coexistence of 0.5 mM $Fe^{2+}$ and 0.5 mM $Mg^{2+}$ resulted in 95% reactivation of the enzyme, while $Fe^{3+}$ with 0.5 mM $Mg^{2+}$ did not reactivate the enzyme like the effect of $Fe^{2+}$ alone. The enzyme dialyzed against o-Phe showed the similar results. These data showed that $Fe^{3+}$ is predominantly required for the activity of the mitochondrial $F_1-ATPase$ in Lentinus edodes and stimulated the activity of it by $Mg^{2+}$. $Fe^{3+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ increased enzyme's affinity for substrate, decreasing the Km value 1.67 mM to 0.65 mM.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2000

There are various kinds of factors associated with the formation of dental plaque in oral cavity such as nutrient molecules and chemical agents. The factors influencing the formation of insoluble glucan by Streptococcus sobrinus and its replication were examined on orthodontic wires. The results were as follows: 1. Insoluble glucan was well produced in the media initially adjusted at pH 7.0 than pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 like bacterial replication. 2. The synthesis of insoluble glucan and bacterial replication were significantly increased in the media containing 2.5% yeast extract. The formation of insoluble glucan was inhibited by 10 folds in the media containing 20% of sucrose than 1.25%, but the replication of bacteria was increased by 20 folds. 3. Insoluble glucan was significantly formed at a concentration of 1.0mM of calcium chloride, 40mM of potassium chloride, 0.1mM of magnesium chloride, while the replication of bacteria was little influenced by them regardless their concentration. 4. The formation of insoluble glucan and bacterial replication were significant in the media containing 10mM of sodium bicarbonate, but both were completely inhibited at 100mM or above. The production of insoluble glucan and the bacterial replication were largely decreased at 10mM of Tris while insoluble glucan was formed in abundance at 100mM of Tris. 5. The synthesis of insoluble glucan and the bacterial replication were inhibited at 10mM or above of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effect of invasive low level laser acupuncture therapy(LLLAT) at Yolgyol+yogu(LU7+LR5) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, lipid metabolism and liver function in hyperlipemia rats. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into high fat diet cup(Control group), high fat diet and 15 mW/5 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(15 mW/5 min group), 15 mW/10 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(15 mW/10 min group), 30 mW/5 min LLLAT at LU7+LRS(30 mW/5 min group), 30 mW/10 min LLLAT at LU7+LR5(30 mW/10 min group). LLLAT was treated at the 15,30mW-5,10min once a 2day during 5 weeks. Results : Body weight was decreased significantly in 30 mW/s min group and 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. Food intake was decreased significantly in 15 mW/5 min group and 15 mW/10 min group compared with control group. Food efficiency was decreased significantly in 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. In the lipid metabolism, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free fatty acid were increased significantly in 15 mW/5 min group and 30 mW/10 min group compared with control group. LDL-cholesterol was increased in 30 mW/10 min group and phospholipids was decreased significantly in all experimental group compared with control group. triglyceride was not showed significant result in all experimental group. In the liver function, AST was not showed significant result in all experimental group, ALT and ALP were increased significantly in 30 mW/10 min group, ALP was decreased in 30 mW/5 min group compared with control group. Conclusions : LLLAT at LU7 and LR5 can manage hyperlipemia by controlling body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio and lipid metabolism.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

The objective of this study was performed to establish the in vitro culture system of porcine in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryo. These studies was to determine the effects of melatonin, nitric oxide donor(SNP), and the combination effects of SNP and melatonin in porcine IVM/IVF embryos. In routine porcine IVM/IVF procedure, oocytes were cultured for 40∼44h incubation, and the zygotes were cultured for 40∼44h in NCSU 23 medium. Then 2 to 8 cell embryos were removed cumulus cell and were allotted randomly to NCSU 23 containing different concentration of melatonin, SNP and SNP plus melatonin in 5% $O_2$, 5% $CO_2$ and 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. Cell numbers of blastocyst were also counted using double fluorescence stain method. In NCSU 23 medium treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM, the developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were 33.3%, 39.1%, 33.3% and 27.9%, respectivly. This result show that the developmental rate of morula and blascytocys treated with 1 nM melatonin was higher than in any other groups(P<0.05). The developmental rates of morula plus blastocysts were 41.9% in 0 uM SNP, 25.6% in 50 uM and 28.4% in 100 uM, respectively. The developmental rate of morula plus blastocysts were decreased treated with SNP in NCSU 23. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), the developmental rates beyond morula stage of porcine embryos were 31.3%, 34.1%, 39.5%, 29.4% and 39.5%, respectively. The addition of SNP 50 uM plus maltonin 1 nM, developmental rates of blastocyst was higher rate than in any other groups. Cell numbers of blastocyst in NCSU 23 treated with melatonin 0, 1, 5 and 10 nM were 41.0, 42.6, 39.6 and 33.0, respectively. In combined effects of SNP plus melatonin (0, SNP 50 uM, SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 1 nM , SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 5 nM and SNP 50 uM plus melatonin 10 nM), cell numbers of developed blastocyst were 36.3, 34.6, 39.0, 39.9 and 39.0, respectively. These result show that the cell numbers of blastocyst treated with 0, 1 and 5 nM melatonin were higher than in 10 nM group(P<0.05), but cell numbers of blatocyst produced by SNP plus melatonin were not significantly difference in all experimental groups.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.179-190
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bee Venom and Melittin acupuncture solution on the lipopolysaccharide and sodium nitroprusside- induced expression of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and calcium concentration in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Methods : The expression of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was determined by western blotting with corresponding antibodies, and the generation of intracellular calcium concentration was investigated by delta scan system in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : 1. Compared with control, expressions of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ were decreased significantly by $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and 5, $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution and decreased by 0.5, $1{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom. 2. Compared with control, expressions of sodium nitroprusside-induced phospholipase $A_2$ were decreased significantly by 0.5, 1, $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and by 5, $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution. 3. Compared with control, expressions of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ were decreased significantly by $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution and were not changed significantly by 0.5, 1, $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution. 4. Compared with control, expressions of sodium nitroprusside-induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ were decreased significantly by 1, $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and 5, $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution and decreased by $0.5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom 5. Compared with control, lipopolysaccharide-induced intracellular calcium concentrations were decreased by 0.5, 1, $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution and increased by $5{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution. 6. Compared with control, sodium nitroprusside-induced intracellular calcium concentrations were decreased by 0.5, 1, $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and 5, $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin acupuncture solution.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.540-552
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• 1997

For the scientific and systematic study of sediment deposits along Yeongsan river, total 13 core samples were taken from Yeongsan river. The thickness of sediment deposits is 22.0m at YS 1, 20.0m YS 2, 18.5m YS 3, 12.0m YS 4, 3.0m YS 5, 5.5m YS 7, 3.0m YS 8, 5.9m YS 9, 5.0m YS 10 on main stream of Yeongsan river. The thickness of deposit is increasing from upstream to downstream. The composition of sediments dominates sandy gravel on the upstream and the lower part on the downstream, and mud deposits of $11m{\sim}16m$ thick on the upper part of on the downstream(YS 1, YS 2, and YS 3). Contents of organic carbon and calcium carbonates occur being contrary to each other toward upstream. The content of organic carbon increases upstream, that of calcium carbonates decreases. According to size analysis of sediment, the content of gravel increases and mud decreases from downstream to upstream. Sediment deposits can be divided into two types whether gravel is or not. But this boundary is clear in the downstream(YS 1$\sim$YS 4) but is vague in the upstream. The result of this study could be provided engineering, environment, and architecture with geological background as the essential basis.