• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1710-1718
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with different crude protein (CP) contents on grazing cattle intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, and nitrogen (N) metabolism characteristics during the rainy season. Five ruminal and abomasal cannulated Holstein${\times}$Zebu steers (296 kg body weight, BW) were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. The animals grazed five signal grass paddocks (0.34 ha). The five treatments evaluated were: Control (no supplement) and 1.0 g of supplement/kg BW with 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g of CP/kg as-fed. The supplement was composed of starch, soybean meal, urea, and ammonium sulphate. There was a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.033$) of the CP content in the supplements on the organic matter (OM), CP, and digested OM intakes. The provision of supplements did not increase ($p{\geq}0.158$), on average, total and ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. However, the increase in CP content in the supplements caused a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.018$) on ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. Additionally, a quadratic effect of the CP contents of the supplements were observed (p = 0.041) for the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, with the highest estimate obtained with the CP content of 670 g/kg. The supply of supplements increased (p<0.001) the ruminal ammonia N concentration, which also changed linearly and positively (p<0.001) according to increase in CP content in the supplements. The apparent N balance and relative N balance (g/g N intake) were not, on average, changed ($p{\geq}0.164$) by the supplements supply. However, both showed a tendency of a linear increase ($p{\leq}0.099$) with increasing supplement CP content. The supplements increased (p = 0.007) microbial N production in the rumen, which also changed linearly and positively (p = 0.016) with increasing supplement CP content. In conclusion, protein supplementation in grazing cattle during the rainy season, while stimulating voluntary forage intake, results in higher efficiency of N utilization when compared to energy supplementation. This is a possible response to increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and improved N status in the animal body.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.330-339
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• 2014

430-470nm의 청색광 영역과 630-670nm의 적색광 영역을 5nm 간격으로 세분화한 LED를 인공광원으로 사용하고, 냉백색형광등을 대조구로 사용한 가운데 적치마상추(Lactuca sativa L. '중생종', 흥농씨앗)의 생장 및 안토시아닌 함량에 미치는 적색광 또는 청색광 LED의 피크파장에 따른 광질조사 효과를 분석하였다. 페쇄형 시스템 내에서 생장된 상추의 재배조건은 광주기 16/8h, 기온 $22/18^{\circ}C$, 습도 70%, $CO_2$ 농도 $400{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$로 설정하였고, 베드 면에서의 PPF를 $201{\pm}2\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$로 조절하였다. 정식 후 21일째에 측정된 상추의 생장 특성과 안토시아닌 함량은 청색광 또는 적색광 LED의 피크파장에 따라 유의차가 다르게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 처리된 LED의 피크파장 가운데 R1 처리구(피크파장 634nm)와 R6 처리구(피크파장 659nm)가 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중 및 광합성속도의 증가에 효과적이었다. 한편 안토시아닌의 축적에 B5 처리구(피크파장 450nm)가 효과적이었다. 상추 잎의 안토시아닌 함량은 엽색의 hue 값이 작아지거나, 또는 SPAD 값이 커질수록 직선적인 관계를 이루면서 증가하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 얻어진 피크파장 634nm와 659nm의 적색광, 450nm의 청색광은 엽채류의 생산량 증대와 안토시아닌 함량의 증진에 필요한 광질로서 활용될 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-78
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• 1990

The purpose of the present study is to confirm the interacting behavior between nurses and patients and other things concerned herewith. Subjects of investigation were : 42 nurses selected out of the average nurses who serve in hospital as nurses assigned to medical and surgical wards : and 42 male and female adult patients selected out of the average patients who were under the care of the nurse individuals and can make themselves understood verbally. A nurse and her patient were paired off for questioning. Materials for statistics were gathered by means of observaing interactions- - verbal and nonverbal - -of the chosen subjects for four hours every day from 7 : 30 a.m. through 7 : 30 p.m. between on July 15, 1988 and on Aug. 16, 1988. Classified by patterns, the materials observed and gathered were preliminarily analyzed by this researcher, and then reexamined in a full-fledged way by one professor, three nurses and three non - nurses. The researcher depended chiefly on Frequency, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient attached to SPSS Computer System for the process of gathered materials. The results of this investigations are follows 1) A total of 98 times' interactions between nurses and patients were provided during observation of 168 hours. 2) It took them the averaged 264.8 seconds(around 4.4 minutes) per a couple of subjects to interact between nurses and patients during observation of four hours. 3) The aim of interactions between nurses and patients appear that 29 times of injection amounted to 29.6% the most, 27 times of PO around to 27.6% the next most, 25 times of vital check to 25.5% the next most, 17 times of independent nursing works and round to 17.3% the least most. 4) As a result of qualitative analyzing the interactions between nurses and patients by the distinctive method of words were positively recognized in 19 cases with 45.2% and negatively in 23 cases with 54.8%. 5) A total of 2, 193 times. interaction behaviours between nurses and patients were provided. The frequency of these interaction behaviours took place l, 364 times with 62.2% to nurse, and 829 times with 37.8% to patients. 6) The classification of verbal and nonverbal interaction behaviour between nurses and patients indicated that it is amounted to 64.9% for verbal behaviour numbered 1, 423 and 35.1% for nonverbal one numbered 770. 7) The frequency of verbal behaviour between nurses and patients numbered 1, 423 in total. They took place 924 times to nurses and 499 times to patients, it can be also amounted to 64.9% and 35.1% respectively in percentagewise. 8) In interactions between nurses and patients, it turned out that the frequency of nurses' turns, which the present research discovered averaged 16.8 times for four hours, and the verbal behaviours by numbered 9.7 on an average. 9) Nonverbal behaviours between nurses and patients numbered 770 in total, it is assigned 440 times to nurse with 57.1% and 330 times to patients with 42.9%. 10) The investigation releases in formation that the frequency of verbal behaviours between nurses and patients was very much concerned with the age of patients(r＝0.422, p＜.01) and the number of patients one nurse has under her care(r＝-0.356, p＜.01). 11) It was found that were deep relationship of the number of a nurses turn with the patients age(r＝0.377, p＜.01) and the nurses burden of caring patients(r＝-0.372, p＜.01).

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1435-1443
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 새꼬막 주 생산해역인 전남 여자만에 대하여 해수 및 패류의 세균학적 분석결과를 근거로 위생상태를 평가함으로써 동 해역의 위생안전성 확보를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 또한 본 연구결과를 적용하여 우리나라의 정착성 수산물 등급기준에 따른 해역분류 및 한국패류위생계획에 근거한 '수출용패류생산지정해역'으로의 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 2014년 1월부터 2016년 6월까지 여자만에 설정한 50개소의 조사정점별 해수의 위생지표세균 조사결과, 대장균군 및 분변계대장균 수의 범위는 각각 <1.8~5,400 및 <1.8~350 MPN/100 mL으로 분석되었으며 이는 우리나라의 '정착성 수산동식물 생산해역 등급설정 기준'(MOF, 2013a)에 따라 청정해역의 기준에 충족하는 것으로 평가되었다. 수출용패류생산지정해역으로 지정을 위해서는 미국이나 유럽연합 등의 기준을 충족하여야 하며 본 조사결과 미국의 National Shellfish Sanitation program (U.S. FDA, 2016)에 따라 해수의 수질은 허가해역에 적합한 것으로 평가되었으나, 여자만은 주변에 오염원이 산재해 있고 강우의 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 오염원 관리가 수반되어야 하는 조건부 허가해역에 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한, 유럽연합의 Regulation (EC) No 854 (European Commission, 2004)에 근거하여 여자만의 패류(새꼬막)는 계절적 또는 시기적 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되어, 해역 분류기준 중 Class B에 부합하는 것으로 확인 되었으며 시기에 따른 분류(6~10월은 Class B, 11-5월은 Class A)도 가능 할 것으로 평가되었다. 아울러 여자만의 위생안전성을 확보하고 외국으로 패류를 수출하기 위해서는 앞으로 오염원관리계획 수립을 위한 체계적인 오염원 현황파악 및 영향평가가 수반되어야 하며, 패류에 대한 중금속 및 패류독소 등의 추가조사 또한 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is a ginseng saponin that is widely investigated because of its remarkable antitumor activity. However, the molecular mechanism by which (20S) G-Rh2 triggers its functions and how target animals avoid its cytotoxic action remains largely unknown. Methods: Phage display was used to screen the human targets of (20S) G-Rh2. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to confirm the interaction of candidate target proteins and (20S) G-Rh2. Molecular docking was utilized to calculate the estimated free energy of binding and to structurally visualize their interactions. MTT assay and immunoblotting were used to assess whether human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine serum can reduce the cytotoxic activity of (20S) G-Rh2 in HepG2 cells. Results: In phage display, (20S) G-Rh2-beads and (20R) G-Rh2-beads were combined with numerous kinds of phages, and a total of 111 different human complementary DNAs (cDNA) were identified, including HSA which had the highest rate. The binding constant and number of binding site in the interaction between (20S)-Rh2 and HSA were $3.5{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1, and those in the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and BSA were $1.4{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1. The quenching mechanism is static quenching. HSA, BSA and bovine serum significantly reduced the proapoptotic effect of (20S) G-Rh2. Conclusion: HSA and BSA interact with (20S) G-Rh2. Serum inhibited the activity of (20S) G-Rh2 mainly due to the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and serum albumin (SA). This study proposes that HSA may enhance (20S) G-Rh2 water solubility, and thus might be used as nanoparticles in the (20S) G-Rh2 delivery process.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to identify the potential buyers' consciousness of single-family housing to provide useful data to help future single-family housing supplies in Ulsan. The study selected residents in Ulsan, who were over twenty and had an interest in living in a single-family housing. A survey was conducted from September 11, 2008 to September 25, 2008. The sample consisted of 364 persons who are currently live in Ulsan metropolitan area. The results are as following. About two thirds of the sample had the desire to live in a single-family housing. Moving into a single-family housing had financial preparation as the greatest issue. When moving into a single-family housing, the convenience of the residential district was the greatest consideration, whether or not it is a green environment, pollution level, etc. The potential buyers valued environment-friendly features and also had a very strong desire to own their own house. Many of them wanted to design and build their own single-family housing within a budget of 100-200 million KRW. In terms of the location, there was a higher preference for the riverside or lakeside rural areas outside the city. In terms of size, the preference was less than $330m^2$, which includes $99-132m^2$ for residential. When considering a single-family housing the direction was the most important feature, along with eco-friendly and safer materials and equipments. When building the single-family housing the potential buyers considered the community spaces first with a preference for having three bedrooms and two bathrooms. For the exterior, they wanted a unique shape of roof and there were high preferences for brown and beige colors. In terms of housing complexes, the potential buyers preferred individual unit types over complexes. If they preferred housing complexes, they wanted the cluster form complex with about 10-30 units. The complex also required a park-like setting with a guard system, which shows that convenience and safety were the most important features. In terms of complex management, they considered environmental management as the most important feature. The potential buyers were willing to pay belw 200,000 KRW, which showed their desire to minimize financial burdens.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 기능성 식의약품 및 화장품 소재로써 흰색 느티만가닥버섯(Hypsizygus marmoreus)의 이용 가능성을 조사하기 위해서 흰색 느티만가닥버섯 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 tyrosinase 저해 효과를 비교하였다. 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 $8.4{\pm}3.27mg\;GAE/g$과 $7.3{\pm}2.85mg\;GAE/g$이었고 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 $4.8{\pm}3.81ug/mg$과 $2.5{\pm}1.95ug/mg$이었으며 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량 모두 메탄올 추출물보다 열수 추출물에서 높게 나타났다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 추출물의 농도에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나 양성 대조구로 사용한 2% 알부틴(arbutin)비해 40 mg/ml의 높은 농도에서도 열수 추출물은 69.72%, 메탄올 추출물은 52.67%의 낮은 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 항산화 활성은 DPPH에 의한 라디칼소거 활성을 측정하여 확인하였으며 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 40 mg/ml의 농도에서도 각각 80%와 74%로 낮게 나타났다. 추출물의 세포독성은 WST-1 assay (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulphonate)를 이용하여 추출물의 처리농도에 따른 B16BL6 melanoma cell의 세포생존율로 확인하였으며 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출물을 각각 0-40 mg/ml의 농도로 처리하였을 때 B16BL6 melanoma cell은 90% 이상의 생존율을 나타내었으므로 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출을 모두 B16BL6 melanoma cell에 독성을 나타내지 않는 것으로 판단된다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.322-330
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• 2018

산림 생태계에서 초식 곤충은 생물 다양성의 구조와 기능에서 주요한 역할을 담당하는데 알려져 있는 곤충 종 수의 25%를 차지할 정도로 중요한 부분이다. 초식 곤충 종 풍부도와 다양성은 식물 종 다양성과 밀접한 연관을 지니고 있다. 이 연구에서는 우리나라 온대림에 서식하는 초식 곤충 활동량을 나타내는 식흔량이 먹이식물 다양성, 균등도, 나뭇잎 수, 먹이식물 밀도와 관련된 기저단면적(basal area), 흉고직경(DBH)과 어떠한 관련이 있는가를 알고자 하였다. 지리산국립공원 온대낙엽수림에 0.1 ha의 방형구를 두 군데 설치하여 잎을 씹어먹는 초식 곤충(chewer)에 의한 식흔량을 측정하였다. 연구결과 평균 11.2% (${\pm}1.76%$)의 식흔 발생량을 확인하였고, 조사 지역 중 식물 다양성이 높은 곳보다 낮은 곳에서 식흔량이 더 많았다. 또한 한국 남부 온대림에서 초식 곤충 활동에는 밀도 요인인 기저단면적이 긍정적으로 작용하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 추후 온대 낙엽활엽수림의 영양 단계(trophic level)에서 초식 곤충의 여러 길드가 어떤 작용으로 영향을 받는가에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2022

본 연구는 HPLC-PDA를 이용하여 화장품의 보존제 15 종, 자외선 차단제 2종 및 항산화제 1 종에 대해 신뢰성 있는 결과를 확보할 수 있는 최적의 다성분 동시분석법을 구축하고자 하였다. 이동상의 수소이온 농도(pH)가 분석성분의 산해리상수(pKa)에 영향을 주기 때문에 피크의 머무름 시간과 면적값 변화가 생기는 문제를 확인하였고, 이동상 조제시 0.1% H₃PO₄ 첨가량(mL)으로 pH를 조절하는 방법으로써 피크 분리조건을 확립하였다. 시험법의 유효성 검증 결과, 검량선의 직선성(R²)은 0.999 이상을 얻었으며 화장품 2 종(크림, 샴푸)에 대해 정확성은 87.9 ~ 101.1%, 정밀성은 0.1 ~ 7.6% 의 결과를 얻었다. 성분별로 검출한계(LOD)는 0.1 ~ 0.2 mg/kg, 정량한계(LOQ)는 2.0 ~ 4.0 mg/kg인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 합성보존제인 methylparaben과 차이점이 적어 HPLC에서 성분분리가 어려웠던 천연성분인 p-anisic acid를 동시에 분리할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 화장품 중 사용상 제한이 필요한 성분들에 대한 품질관리 및 안전성 확보에 효과적으로 활용될 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2022

Background: Lung injuries due to exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were reported in 2011 in South Korea. As a result of the government's epidemiological investigation and toxicity test study, it was found that HDs caused health damage such as lung disease. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to classify HD exposure ratings and analyze the affecting factors that could identify the relationship with lung disease. Methods: Exposure assessment for HDs was conducted using a questionnaire during face-to-face interviews with the applicants. Ratings of high exposure (Class 1) and low exposure (Class 2) were cross-tabulated with clinical ratings (acceptable and unacceptable). Logistic regression analysis was carried out by setting the clinical rating of lung disease as a dependent variable and the socio-demographic and exposure characteristics obtained through the questionnaire as independent variables. Results: The concentration in air of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) was 71.96±107.47 ㎍/m³, and the exposure concentration was 15.21±23.28 ㎍/m³ . The exposure rating was overestimated with 97.1% of affected subjects having high exposure using margin of exposure (MOE), but only 9.9% matching the clinical class. In the overestimated group, it could be explained by the fact that the exposure time was long and the subjects had already recovered from damage symptoms. As a result of logistic regression analysis, ten variables were found to be significant influencing factors. Conclusions: A new exposure rating could be calculated based on the MOE, and factors affecting lung disease could be estimated through comparative evaluation with the clinical rating.