• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.389-395
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• 2023

This study evaluated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Experimental treatments included a No application of fertilizer and GA₃ (NFG) Control [3 N active ingredient (a.i.) g/m²], 0.3GA₃ (GA₃ 0.3 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL), 0.6GA₃ (GA₃ 0.6 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL), 1.2GA₃ (GA₃ 1.2 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL), and 2.4GA₃ (GA₃ 2.4 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL). Additionally, the study included a 1.5N+GA₃ experiment with similar GA₃ treatments combined with 1.5N a.i. g/m² : NFG, Control (3N a.i. g/m²), 1.5N+ 0.3GA₃ (1.5N a.i. g/m²+GA₃ 0.3 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL), 1.5N+0.6GA₃ (1.5N a.i. g/m²+GA₃ 0.6 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL), 1.5N+1.2GA₃ (1.5N a.i. g/m²+GA₃ 1.2 a.i. mg/m²/ 200 mL), and 1.5N+2.4GA₃ (1.5N a.i. g/m²+GA₃ 2.4 a.i. mg/m²/200 mL). Compared to the NFG, turf color index chlorophyll content was not significantly different (p< 0.05). However, shoot length in 1.2GA₃, 2.4GA₃, 1.5N+0.3GA₃, 1.5N+0.6GA₃, 1.5N+1.2GA₃, and 1.5N+2.4GA₃ treatments increased by 0.8%, 10.6%, 5.15%, 8.3%, 13.5 %, and 21.6%, respectively, compared to the control. As compared to the control, clipping yield in 1.5N+1.2GA₃ and 1.5N+2.4GA₃ treatments increased by 7.1% and 14.3 %, respectively. These results indicated that GA₃ application increased shoot length, with the 1.2GA₃ treatment showing shoot length similar to the control (3N a.i. g /m² ).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2021

Shrub growth and fruit characteristics and working time of 'Duke' blueberry by shrub distance were investigated. Overapping rate of blueberry crown was 109% in 0.6 m shrub distance, 37% in 1.2 m shrub distance, and -88% in 2.4 m shrub distance, respectively. The number of main stem tended to increase as the shrub spacing widened. The other fruit characteristics, except for the fruit weight, did not show any significantly different according to the shrub distance. The yield per 10 a was 2,097 kg for 0.6 m shrub distance, 1,303 kg for 1.2 m shrub distance, and 710.7 kg for 2.4 m shrub distance in 2019, respectively. Total working time was 154 hr for 0.6 m shrub distance, 114 hr for 1.2 m shrub distance, and 74 hr for 2.4 m shrub distance. Therefore, the blueberry shrub distance was judged to be appropriate about 1.2 m in the long-termly. However, in order to increase yield early and income, the shrub can maintain 0.6 m distance during young shrub, it can managed flexibly to 1.2 m distance when it becomes a mature shrub.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2000

It was to adjust the luminance of light by the rotation angle of the polarizes and analyzer. The luminance value Lmax, Lmin of Contrast Sensitivity could be obtained from the rotation angle ${\theta}_m$ of the average luminance($L_m$), the rotation angle(${\theta}_{max}$, ${\theta}_{min}$) of the maximum and the minimum's amplitude. $$L_{max}=I(0)e^{-2at}{\cdot}cos^2{\theta}_m(1+C_s^{-1})$$ $$L_{min}=I(0)e^{-2at}{\cdot}cos^2{\theta}_m(1-C_s^{-1})$$ We obtained the rotation angle(${\theta}_{max}$, ${\theta}_{min}$) of the polarizes and analyzer from the rotation angle ${\theta}_m$ of the average luminance($L_m$) and the Contrast Sensitivity($C_s$). $${\theta}_{max}=cos^{-1}[cos{\theta}_m{\cdot}(1+C_s^{-1})^{1/2}]$$ $${\theta}_{min}=cos^{-1}[cos{\theta}_m{\cdot}(1-C_s^{-1})^{1/2}]$$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2001

Background : Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is the only established genetic risk factor for emphysema. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of the genotypes of A1AT genotypes in healthy Koreans. Method : The study population consisted of 380 Healthy Koreans enrolled at the Health Promotion Center in Kyungpook National University Hospital. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphim (RFLP) for detecting the A1AT variants M1(Ala), M1(Val), M2, S and Z were used. Results : The genotypes of subjects were as follows : M1(Val)/M1(Val), 254(66.8%) ; M1(Val)/M2, 105(27.6%) ; M2/M2, 19 (5.0%) ; and M1(Val)/M1(Ala), 2 (0.5%). There was no case with 'deficiency' alleles such as S and Z found in this study. Conclusion : These results suggest that A1AT deficient alleles are either extremely rare or not present in Koreans.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.10C
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• pp.929-934
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• 2007

In this paper, we enumerate the number of distinct autocorrelation distributions that M-ary Sidel'nikov sequences can have, while we change the primitive element for generating the sequence. Let p be a prime and $M|p^n-1$. For M=2, there is a unique autocorrelation disuibution. If M>2 and $M|p^k+1$ for some k, $1{\leq}k, then the autocorrelatin distribution of M-ary Sidel'nikov sequences is unique. If M>2 and $M{\nmid}p^k+1$ for any k, $1{\leq}k, then the autocorrelation distribution of M-ary Sidel'nikov sequences is less than or equal to ${\phi}(M)/k'(or\;{\phi}(M)/2k')$, where k' is the smallest integer satisfying $M|p^{k'}-1$.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.129-141
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• 2001

When oral microorganisms were sampled from occlusal surfaces of caries and non-caries teeth, $3.43\times10^5$ CFU and $3.47\times10^3$ CFU of bacteria were counted on MSB agar plates, respectively. All the 20 colonies isolated from a caries surface were Streptococcus mutans but, only two of 20 colonies were identified as Streptococcus mutans by API test. S. mutans SM1 from caries tooth and S. mutans SM2 from non-caries tooth showed the same results except for $\alpha-galactosidase$ activity on sugar fermentation tests and biochemical tests. For the bacterial replication, both SM1 and SM2 were actively multiplicated at pH 5.5. And the viability of SM1 was high at 20% of sucrose, while that of SM2 was high at 5% of sucrose in the media. SM1 actively replicated at 16mM of $CaCl_2$, 160mM of KCl, and 6.4mM of $MgCl_2$, and the replication of SM2 was increased at 16mM of $CaCl_2$, 40mM of KCl, 6.4mM of $MgCl_2$. At 1mM of sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate, both bacteria were actively multiplicated. SM1 and SM2 were actively replicated at 1mM and 10mM of Tris, respectively. For potassium phosphate buffer, SM1 grew well proportionally to the concentration up to 100mM, while the growth of SM2 were inhibited by the increase of concentration. The 4.6 kb of gtf gene was amplified with a pair of primer, gtfB-F961 and gtfC-R5574 by polymerase chain reaction from the chromosomal DNA of SM1 and SM2. When 4.6kb bands were eluted from gel and were treated with restriction enzyme, EcoR I produced the same RFLP like 0.8kb and 3.8kb of DNA fragments for S. mutans GS-5, SM1 and SM2. By Hind III, the PCR products weren't digested for S. mutans GS-5 and SM1, but 3 fragments such as 2.4kb, 1.8kb and 400bp were examined for SM2. These results indicated the difference between gtf genes of SM1 and SM2. BamH I treatment showed 4 fragments for SM1 and SM2, while the 3 fragments for S. mutans GS-5. The PCR products were not digested by Kpn I, Sma I, Xho I and Pst I.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2010

Purpose: As PET/CT come into wide use, it caused increasing of expose in clinical use. Therefore, Korea Food and Drug Administration issued Patient DRL (Diagnostic Reference Level) in CT scan. In this study, to build the basis of patient dose reduction, we analyzed effective dose in transmission scan with CT scan. Materials and Methods: From February, 2010 to March 180 patients (age: $55{\pm}16$, weight: $61.0{\pm}10.4$ kg) who examined $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT in Asan Medical Center. Biograph Truepoint 40 (SIEMENS, GERMANY), Biograph Sensation 16 (SIEMENS, GERMANY) and Discovery STe8 (GE healthcare, USA) were used in this study. Per each male and female average of 30 patients doses were analyzed by one. Automatic exposure control system for controlling the dose can affect the largest by a patient's body weight less than 50 kg, 50-60 kg less, 60 kg more than the average of the three groups were divided doses. We compared that measured value of CT-expo v1.7 and ImPACT v1.0. The relationship between body weight and the effective dose were analyzed. Results: When using CT-Expo V1.7, effective dose with BIO40, BIO16 and DSTe8 respectably were $6.46{\pm}1.18$ mSv, $9.36{\pm}1.96 $mSv and $9.36{\pm}1.96$ mSv for 30 male patients respectably $6.29{\pm}0.97$ mSv, $10.02{\pm}2.42$ mSv and $9.05{\pm}2.27$ mSv for 30 female patients respectably. When using ImPACT v1.0, effective dose with BIO40, BIO16 and DSTe8 respectably were $6.54{\pm}1.21$ mSv, $8.36{\pm}1.69$ mSv and $9.74{\pm}2.55$Sv for 30 male patients respectably $5.87{\pm}1.09$ mSv, $8.43{\pm}1.89$ mSv and $9.19{\pm}2.29$ mSv for female patients respectably. When divided three groups which were under 50 kg, 50~60 kg and over 60 kg respectably were 6.27 mSv, 7.67 mSv and 9.33 mSv respectably using CT-Expo V1.7, 5.62 mSv, 7.22 mSv and 8.91 mSv respectably using ImPACT v1.0. Weight and the effective dose coefficient analysis showed a very strong positive correlation(r=743, r=0.693). Conclusion: Using such a dose evaluation programs, easier to predict and evaluate the effective dose possible without performing phantom study and such dose evaluation programs could be used to collect basic data for CT dose management.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1999

Essential amino acids involving in the active site ofthe cytidn~e deruninase from Bncillus subtilis ED 213 were determined by chemical modification studies. Tllc purified cytidine deruninase tiom Booillus subtilis ED 213 required the reduced form of Fe(lI)ion. since the enzyme was inhibited 43% by 1 mnM o-phenanthroline. Whereas the enzyme activity was activated up to 28% by 1 1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The cytidine deaninase activily was completely inhibited by 1 mM N-bromosuccinimide, chloramine-T, and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (p-CMB), respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited 36% by 1 mM pyridoxal-S-phosphale, and 31% by 1 mM l-ethy~-3-(3-dirneIhj~laminoprop}~~)c~bodiiamide and glycine inethyl ester. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited 68% by 1 \mu$M \rho$-CMB and this inhibition of the enzyme activity with 1 \mu$M \rho$-CMB was completely reactivated by 5 mM cysleine as a reducing agent. We speculaled that tyrosine, methionine, cysteuie and/or serine residues are located ui or near ihe active site of the cytidine deruniuase from Bncilus subrilis ED 213 and indirectly related to lysine and/or glycine.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.6 s.107
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• pp.514-525
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between nicotine and the activity of bone forming cell. MG63 osteoblast-like cells were used for this study. Several factors were examined including the proliferation of cell, alkaline phosphatase activity, the formation of osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin. and the synthesis of its mRNA. MG63 osteoblast-like cells were incubated for 1, 2, 3 and 6 days with nicotine added to the culture medium in 1.0 ${\mu}M$, 1.0mM, 2.5mM, 5.0mM, 7.5mM, and 10.0mM concentrations. The proliferation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells was temporarily activated at the low nicotine concentrations. At high concentrations (>5.0 mM), however. it was suppressed. Alkaline phosphatase activity was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner as the concentration of nicotine increased. Osteocalcin decreased in a dose-dependent manner at high nicotine concentrations of more than 7.5mM and the same result was show when the osteoblasts were treated with low concentrations for longer than 3 days. There was a difference in the influence of nicotine on the synthesis of osteocalcin mRNA and formation of osteocalcin itself at 1 and 3 days. Generally, osteoprotegrin notably declined in all experimental groups. However, the level of its mRNA increased at high nicotine concentrations of more than 7.5mM after 3 days and more than 5.0mM after 6days.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.161-165
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• 2022

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates numerous extracellular and intracellular signals involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and cell growth. mTOR also functions as an endogenous inhibitor of autophagy. Under nutrient-rich conditions, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) phosphorylates the ULK1 complex, preventing its activation and subsequent autophagosome formation, while inhibition of mTORC1 using either rapamycin or nutrient deprivation induces autophagy. Autophagy and proteasomal proteolysis provide amino acids necessary for protein translation. Although the connection between mTORC1 and autophagy is well characterized, the association of mTORC1 inhibition with proteasome biogenesis and activity has not been fully elucidated yet. Proteasomes are long-lived cellular organelles. Their spatiotemporal rather than homeostatic regulation could be another adaptive cellular mechanism to respond to starvation. Here, we reviewed several published reports and the latest research from our group to examine the connection between mTORC1 and proteasome. We have also investigated and described the effect of mTORC1 inhibition on proteasome activity using purified proteasomes. Since mTORC1 inhibitors are currently evaluated as treatments for several human diseases, a better understanding of the link between mTORC1 activity and proteasome function is of utmost importance.