• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.520-529
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• 2024

Lycium barbarum extract has a high potential to be developed as a health functional food due to the various health-promoting effects of Lycium barbarum. This study analyzed changes in nutritional and functional components depending on the extraction solvent (purified water and a mixture of purified water and alcohol) and the condition of the sample. The nutritional components (carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash), organic acids, amino acids, total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids of the extract produced during the extraction process were analyzed. The nutritional composition and functional substances of the extracts showed some differences depending on the type of solvent and the condition of the sample. The amounts of crude protein (7.61%), crude fat (1.63%), carbohydrate (90.22%), and ash (0.54%) of dried Lycium barbarum extract using purified water as a solvent were similar to those of the powder sample extract. The highest content of citric acid was 4.31 mg/mL, similar to the case of acetic acid, when the powder sample used a mixture of purified water and alcohol as a solvent. The highest amino acid content was 357.39 mg/mL when the powder sample was mixed with purified water and alcohol as a solvent. The total amount of phenolic compounds was 686.16 g/L when the powder sample was extracted with a mixture of purified water and alcohol as a solvent. The highest total flavonoid content was 111.32 g/L when the powder sample was extracted with a mixture of purified water and alcohol as a solvent.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2017

Purpose: Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a nutritional food that has been used widely for treatment of heart disease, abnormal menstruation, and menopause. Methods: In this study, the crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash contents of two different Lycii fruits with different colors were investigated, and their color values, total sugar, pH, total anthocyanins and total carotenoids were analyzed. Results: Regarding crude ash, crude fat and crude protein contents, the L. barbarum showed higher in crude fat and crude protein contents than black fruits, whereas L. ruthenicum showed higher contents than black fruits. Regarding mineral composition, mineral contents were in the other of K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, and Fe. The K content was high in all of the samples, and the contents of Cr and Cu were not measured. The pH values of L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum were $5.00{\pm}0.01$ and $5.08{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The total sugar content of L. ruthenicum was 45.45% while that of L. barbarum was 45.43%. Ascorbic acid content of L. barbarum was $50.86{\pm}3.63%$ while that of L. ruthenicum was $6.3{\pm}1.40%$. The total anthocyanin content of L. ruthenicum was $462.22{\pm}0.41mg/100g$, although no anthocyanin was detected in L. barbarum. The total carotenoids content was $812.25{\pm}6.01mg/100g$ in L. barbarum, although that of L. ruthenicum was not measured. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that there is a large difference in the composition of functional ingredients of L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum. There is a strong possibility of L. ruthenicum to be developed into color food sources.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has rapidly escalated in Asia (including Korea) due to increasing westernized diet patterns subsequent to industrialization. Factors associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are demonstrated to be one of the major causes of IBD. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) on ER stress. MATERIALS/METHODS: Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line and polarized Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells were treated with crude extract of the L. chinense fruit (LF). Paracellular permeability was measured to examine the effect of tight junction (TJ) integrity. The regulatory pathways of ER stress were evaluated in MEF knockout (KO) cell lines by qPCR for interleukin (IL) 6, IL8 and XBP1 spliced form (XBP1s). Immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP), XBP1s and CCAAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP) expressions were measured by RT-PCR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) at high resolution was applied to observe morphological changes after treatments. RESULTS: Exposure to LF extract strengthened the TJ, both in the presence and absence of inflammation. In polarized Caco-2 pretreated with LF, induction in the expression of proinflammatory marker IL8 was not significant, whereas ER stress marker XBP1s expression was significantly increased. In wild type (wt) MEF cells, IL6, CHOP and XBP1 spliced form were dose-dependently induced when exposed to $12.5-50{\mu}g/mL$ extract. However, absence of XBP1 or $IRE1{\alpha}$ in MEF cells abolished this effect. CONCLUSION: Results of this study show that LF treatment enhances the barrier function and reduces inflammation and ER stress in an $IRE1{\alpha}$-XBP1-dependent manner. These results suggest the preventive effect of LF on healthy intestine, and the possibility of reducing the degree of inflammatory symptoms in IBD patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.123-139
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• 2023

구기엽 추출물 (LLE)과 클로로필을 제거한 구기엽 추출물 (LLE(Ch^-))이 MCD diet로 비알코올성 지방간을 유도한 C57BL/6 mouse와 팔미트산으로 지방 축적을 유도한 HepG2 세포에서 지방축적의 억제에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 대조군 대비 LLE(Ch^-)는 혈장 TG 농도와 혈장 AST와 ALT의 활성을 유의하게 감소시켰으며 LLE군에서는 혈장 ALT 활성이 유의하게 감소하였다. 두 군 모두 간조직의 TG와 cholesterol 함량을 유의하게 낮추었으며 간조직의 병리학적 변화 결과에서 LLE군에 비해 LLE(Ch^-)군에서 지방축적의 억제효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 팔미트산 0.5 mM을 처리한 HepG2 세포에서 LLE와 LLE(Ch^-)가 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도까지 독성이 없었으며 대조군에 비하여 각각 200 ㎍/mL과 500 ㎍/mL 농도부터 세포 내 지방 축적량을 유의하게 감소시켰고 pAMPK와 pACC 발현이 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며 FAS발현은 농도 의존적으로 억제되었다. 결과적으로 구기엽 100% 에탄올 추출물들은 간조직의 지방 축적을 억제할 수 있으며 그 효과는 클로로필 제거 구기엽의 활성이 좀 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이 두 소재 모두 항 지방간 효능이 있는 것으로 판단되며 기능성 소재로서의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.855-869
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease with an increasing incidence globally; therefore, there is a growing demand for natural compounds effective in treating dermatitis. In this study, the protective effects of Lycium barbarum leaves with and without chlorophyll (LLE and LLE[Ch-]) on AD were investigated in animal models of AD and HaCaT cells. Further, we investigated whether LLE and LLE(Ch-) show any differences in physiological activity. MATERIALS/METHODS: AD was induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) for three weeks, while NC/Nga mice were fed LLE or LLE(Ch-) extracts for 7 weeks. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-4) concentrations and the degree of DNA fragmentation in lymphocytes were examined. A histopathological examination (haematoxylin & eosin staining and blue spots of toluidine) of the dorsal skin of mice was performed. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the expression of the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) were measured in HaCaT cells. RESULTS: Serum IgE and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) levels as well as DNA fragmentation of lymphocytes were significantly decreased in AD-induced mice treated with LLE or LLE(Ch-) compared to those of the control group. The epidermal thickness of the dorsal skin and mast cell infiltration in the LLE group significantly reduced compared to that in the control group. The LLE extracts showed no cytotoxicity up to 1,000 ㎍/mL in HaCaT cells. LLE or LLE(Ch-)-treated group showed a reduction of TARC and MDC in TNF-α-and IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LLE potentially improves inflammation by reducing the expression of chemokines that inhibit T helper 2 cell migration. LLE(Ch-) showed similar effects to LLE on blood levels of IgE, TNF-α and IL-6 and protein expression in HaCat cells, but the ultimate effect of skin improvement was not statistically significant. Therefore, both LLE and LLE(Ch-) can be used as functional materials to alleviate AD, but LLE(Ch-) appears to require more research to improve inflammation.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to develop a technique of discrimination using SSR makers in boxthorn cultivars. Forty one boxthorn cultivars, which were collected from Korea and China, were evaluated by 10 SSR markers. Total of 61 alleles were detected, ranging from 3 to 13 with an average of 6.1 alleles per locus. The averages of gene diversity and PIC values were 0.482 and 0.428, with a range from 0.25 (GB-LCM-022 and GB-LCM-087) to 0.83 (GB-LCM-167) and from 0.24 (GB-LCM-022 and GB-LCM-087) to 0.81 (GB-LCM-167), respectively. Five markers out of 10 markers, GB-LCM-022, GB-LCM-075, GB-LCM-104, GB-LCM-167 and GB-LCM-217, were selected as key markers for discrimination in boxthorn cultivars. All of boxthorn cultivars were individually distinguished by the combination of five SSR markers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 구기엽의 항산화 활성을 확인하고자 50%, 70%, 100% 에탄올 추출물과 100% 에탄올 추출물에서 클로로필을 제거한 시료를 포함하여 총 4종 시료의 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 항산화능을 측정하기 위하여 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH와 ABTS radicals 소거능, FRAP assay를 통해 시료의 항산화능을 평가하였다. 또한 $H_2O_2$처리로 산화적 스트레스를 유발한 HepG2세포주에서 추출물 들이 세포보호 효과를 나타낼 수 있는지 알아보고자 ROS 생성, DNA fragmention, 세포의 항산화효소활성 (SOD와 catalase)을 측정하였다. 연구결과, 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH와 ABTS radicals 소거능, 그리고 FRAP value에서 모두 추출용매의 알코올 농도가 높을수록 증가하였고 클로로필 제거 시료가 제거 전 시료에 비하여 월등히 높았다(p < 0.05). HepG2세포에서 세포독성을 확인한 결과 모든 시료에서 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$까지 세포독성을 유발하지 않았다. 모든 추출물들은 $31.3{\mu}g/mL$ 농도부터 $H_2O_2$에 의해 증가한 ROS생성량을 농도 의존적으로 감소시키는 효과를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 모든 추출물은 $250{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 배양액에 처리하였을 때 세포의 DNA 손상을 억제하는 효과를 보여주었다 (p < 0.05). 또한 $H_2O_2$처리한 세포에 비하여 추출물들을 함께 처리한 세포군의 SOD와 catalase 활성은 정상세포과 유사한 수준으로 강력한 보호효과를 보여주었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 사용한 구기엽 에탄올 추출물들은 항산화능이 높으며 고농도까지 세포독성을 보이지 않고 $H_2O_2$에 의해 손상된 간세포를 보호할 수 있는 효능을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 클로로필 제거구기엽 에탄올 추출물은 항산화능이 높고 세포독성과 세포보호 효과가 클로로필 제거전 구기엽 에탄올 추출물과 유사하게 나타나 건강기능식품이나 화장품의 소재로 활용하기에 적절한 소재로 생각된다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2005

Source : We can use a Lycium chinense Miller and a Lycium barbarum L. at the same time. but they only autorize Lycium barbarum L. as a source of Gouqizi. Culture : We have to culture at the central district and southward has a long term of blooming, bearing fruits and maturing in fertile soil, well drainage sandy soil. A cuttage has a advantage at producing number. and prowing and weeding has to be executed 2-3 times in a year. We fertillze 3 times a year, give a water not to be dry and have to be good at managementing drainage. Harvest : Generally it is best to be a harvested Gouqizi at summer. Process : Points of process is to protect a laceration which is made by a high heat, change color to black, well done dry the rind offruits has no a stiffness and the flesh of fruits has to be soft and freshred color. Quility : It is good that big and red fruits, thick fleshes of fruits, few seeds, soft and moist, sweet not bitter taste. A content of betain is more than 0.5%. And it must be content of ash is less than 6.0%. Contents of heavy metals has to detect less than 30 ppm and there are no reminding agriculural medinces.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2019

구기자 나무의 열매와 잎, 클로로필 제거 잎의 에탄올 추출물들의 항염 효능을 확인하여 항염 기능성 소재로의 적용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 효능 측정은 세포단위와 동물실험을 통하여 실시하였다. RAW264.7 세포에서는 LPS와 동시에 추출물 (LFE, LLE, LLE with CR)을 처리한 세포에서 NO와 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ 생성량 및 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현을 측정하였고, 동물실험에서는 7일간 추출물들 (LLE, LLE with CR)을 경구투여한 BALB/c mice에 LPS를 투여하여 염증을 유도한 후 혈청의 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ 농도와 DNA fragmentation을 측정하였다. RAW264.7 세포에 처리한 추출물들은 모두 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$의 농도까지 세포증식능에 영향을 주지 않아 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. LPS와 추출물을 처리한 세포로부터 생성된 NO와 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$는 모두 유의하게 억제되었고 구기자 추출물에 비하여 구기엽 추출물들의 영향이 더 크게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 또한 세포의 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현도 구기자< 구기엽< 클로로필 제거 구기엽의 순으로 억제됨을 확인할 수 있었다. BALB/c mice 동물모델에서 구기엽 추출물들의 항염 효능을 측정한 결과, 혈청 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$의 농도는 구기엽 추출물 및 클로로필 제거 구기엽 추출물 투여군에서 감소하였으며 그 효과는 클로로필 제거 구기엽군에서 더 크게 나타났다. 구기엽 추출물둘은 DNA 손상보호효과를 유의하게 보였으나 두 군 간에는 차이가 없었다. 따라서 구기엽 추출물과 클로로필 제거 구기엽 추출물은 항염효능을 가진 천연 소재로 활용되어 기능성 식품 및 화장품 개발에서 활용될 수 있으므로 구기자 나무의 부가가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.