• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2000

Construction industry has one of the worst occupational health and safety records amongst all other industries. In this study, we developed a method to compute the severity rate (SR) and measured SR values of apartment construction incidents. The two-year records (1996-1997) from database by the Korea Industrial Safety Corporation (KISCO) were used in the current study. To determine the severity rate (SR), the lost workdays (LW) and the number of injured workers and fatalities (NIW) as well as the number of accidents (NA) were considered. These results appear to indicate that the SR measurement we developed in this study is adequate to estimate the safety of apartment construction environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

This study discribes result of comparision of two other numerical method, method of characteristics (MOC) and Lax-Wendroff method(LWM) applied at wave action analysis of Intake and exhaust pipe. Partiality FCT(Flux Correct Transport) scheme is appeneded to LWM to protest unacceptable overshoots, occuring near discontinuity. The final conclusion of this study is that MOC should be replaced by a second order finite difference approach(such as the LW method). Clear benefits we can get by change are faster calculation, higher accuracy, conservation of mass and consistent calculation method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1140-1150
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• 2009

Forage diets provide good quality carcasses in sheep but very little is known in tropical goats. An experiment was designed with Creole male goats using grass-based systems to assess carcass yield, scores, cuts and composition. After weaning (84 d, 9.2 kg LW) two modes of forage feeding were compared with two replicates of each. Feeding groups were: PF for animals reared at pasture (n = 62) and IF when reared indoors (n = 60). Given that forage finishing will result in low ADG it appeared necessary to study different fattening lengths. The kids were equally divided into 4 groups: group A (n = 32), 4mo after weaning; group B (n = 32), 4mo after A; group C (n = 30), 3mo after B and group D (n = 28), 2mo after C. The animals grazed (in two sub-flocks) on irrigated tropical pastures managed in a rotational system (28 d of re-growth) at a mean stocking rate of 1,200 kg/ha/yr LW. The IF groups were reared in collective pens on a slatted floor (2 replicates of 7 or 8 kids each). They were fed the same stand of tropical grass (25% DM, 12% CP) as that of pasture that was cut daily and provided ad libitum. The ADG (-10%), the weights of omental fat (-60%) and fat in shoulder (-18%), the ultimate pH of carcass (-12%), the meat colour score (-24%), the ""parameter accounting for redness (12%) and the DM and lipid contents (-4%) were significantly lower (p<0.05) in PF than in IF, while the liver was heavier (+23%, p<0.05). Feeding conditions seemed to be similar, thus, differences could be related to gastrointestinal parasitism in the PF system and hypotheses are discussed. Increasing the fattening duration, resulted in significant difference (p<0.01) in many traits: the weights at slaughter and of carcass increased by 40% and 60% from groups A to D and consequently the weights of body compartments and carcass cuts (1.5 to 2.0 fold more). When the results were presented as percentage of empty body weight and carcass weight, these preliminary results (carcass weight 9kg and yield 53%, muscle proportion 70%) and qualitative parameters (low fat score 2/5, fat proportion 5%), seem to be a good incentive for the sector to develop a niche market to meet consumer lean meat expectations. The indoors system could be implemented where there was low availability of grazing areas or problems of dog attacks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.217-220
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• 2005

Zero tail type mini excavator is small in size and capacity compared with medium or large excavator. Therefore noise and heat problems are major issues in design due to layout of each components such as engine and hydraulic module. It is necessary to assure reduction of noise and vibration in construction machine, due to be enforced regulation for high noise construction machinery at home and abroad. The objective of this study is to provide basic data which is apply to predict noise effect in detail design stage by estimating noise of cabin for zero tail type mini excavator.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.292-295
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• 2006

Dimension and capacity of the zero tail type mini excavator are small as compared with medium or large excavators. Therefore, problems of the noise and the heat are major issues in design due to layout of each component such as the engine and the hydraulic module. It is necessary to reduce the noise and the vibration of construction machine, due to be enforced regulation for high noise construction machinery in the world. The objective of this study is to provide basic data which is apply to predict noise effect in detail design stage by estimating noise of cabin for zero tail type mini excavator.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.564-572
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• 2013

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of decreasing the crude protein (CP) content of diets for finishing pigs containing two levels of available lysine on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and production performance. Ten finishing diets containing five levels of CP (on average 144, 155, 168, 182 and 193 g/kg fresh basis) and two levels of available lysine (6.9 and 8.2 g/kg fresh basis) were formulated. The diets were offered to pigs on a performance trial (n = 800 Large White (LW)${\times}$Landrace (LR) pigs) from 10 wk of age until finish at 21 wks+5 d of age. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In addition, a digestibility/N balance trial was conducted using pigs (n = 80 $LW{\times}LR$) housed in metabolism crates. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, oil, fibre and energy was determined. N balance values were determined through analysis of N content of urine and faeces ('as determined'). N balance values were also calculated using ADG values and assuming that 16% of growth is protein deposition ("as calculated"). Pig performance was poor between 10 and 13 wk of age which indicated that the dietary treatments were nutritionally inadequate for pigs less than 40 kg. There was a significant (p<0.01) quadratic effect of increasing CP level on feed intake, ADG and FCR from 10 to 13 wk which indicated that the lower CP levels did not supply adequate levels of essential or non-essential amino acids. There was no effect of increasing available lysine level throughout the early period, which in conjunction with the response in older pigs, suggested that both 8.2 and 6.9 g/kg available lysine were insufficient to drive optimum growth. There was a positive response (p<0.05) to increasing available lysine level from 13 wk to finish which indicated that 6.9 g/kg available lysine was not adequate for finishing pigs. Energy digestibility decreased with decreasing CP level of diets containing 6.9 g/kg available lysine which may be attributed to the higher fibre content of the lower CP diets. Nitrogen excretion (g/d) was lowered when dietary CP was reduced regardless of whether the values were determined through balance or calculated using ADG. Calculated N excretion decreased linearly (p<0.001) and quadratically (p<0.001) with decreasing dietary CP content. When the N balance figures calculated in this study were compared with those quoted in the Northern Ireland and English Nitrates Directive Action Programmes, N excretion was less per pig (wean to finish) offered a 169 g/kg CP, 8.2 g/kg available lysine diet (2.39 kg vs 3.41 kg (Northern Ireland) and 2.93 kg (England)).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare both the performance of litters derived from two sire genetic origins (SGO), Vienna Blue (VB) and Burgundy Fawn (BF), along successive seasons of birth (SB; winter, spring, summer and autumn), and doe reproductive performance in an organic production system. A total of fifty-eight does consisting of a mixture of crosses of several medium-large size breeds at different parity order (P, 1 = nulliparous; 2 = primiparous; ${\geq}3$ = multiparous) and twelve males (6 VB and 6 BF) were housed indoors at environmental conditions that followed seasonality. An extensive reproductive rhythm was used and kits were weaned at $46{\pm}6$ d of age. Doe reproductive performance and the data of 105 litters (55 from VB and 50 from BF SGO) were recorded throughout the SB. No statistically significant differences related to SGO effect were observed. As regards parity order, multiparous does showed higher live weights (LW) (p<0.05), total born (p<0.01), total born alive (p<0.05) per delivery, and litter weight of born alive (p<0.05), but lower milk output at 21st d than primiparous does (p<0.05). The extensive reproductive rhythm mainly increased litter performance at birth in multiparous does but was not sufficient to permit a complete recovery of body reserves lost during lactation. Autumn SB negatively affected doe LW variation between deliveries. The number of pups born and born alive per delivery (p<0.05) and litter size at 21 d of age and at weaning (p<0.01) were lower during hot SB. Due to the lower litter size of pups born in summer and autumn, their individual weight at 21st d of age and daily individual growth rate 0 to 21 d were higher than those of pups born in winter (p<0.001). Litter performance at 21st d of age and individual pup pre-weaning growth rate were poorer for those born in spring than in other seasons due to the harmful effects of increased environmental temperatures. SB affected most of the performance traits of does and young rabbits reared under the organic farming system. The rabbits seemed better suited to organic rearing conditions during winter than in other seasons. The worst results overall were obtained in the spring SB, whereas the hot SB negatively affected both doe energy balance and prolificacy. In conclusion, the pups of the 2 SGO showed good pre-weaning performance and seemed suited to the organic rabbit production system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide a basic data such as leaf morphological characteristics, total 110 individual trees selected from 11 wild population, for selective breeding. As a result of investigation of the twenty morphological characteristics of the leaf, there were statistically significant differences in all leaf characteristics among the populations. Especially, Mt. Mani population had larger leaf length (LL), width (LW) and area (LAR) than other populations. On the other hand, Mt. Beakwoon and Mt. Duryun had smaller leaf size (LL, LW and LAR) among the populations. Its principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that it represented 72.9% accumulated explanation from three principal component. The characteristics such as leaf area, leaf length and leaf width were highly contributed for classification among populations. According to the cluster analysis, the natural S. alnifolia populations were classified into five groups and Mt. Mani population was different from the other population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2006

The objectives of this study, an analysis of the morphological characteristics among six provenances of a rare Rhododendron micranthum could be used for the conservation of gene resources and could provide information on superior trees selection. The following results were obtained. Approximately Mt.worak region showed larger values at petal character. On the other hand, Bonghwa region showed smaller values at petal character. Yeonha-ri region showed larger values at leaf character. On the other hand, Bonghwa region showed smaller values at leaf character. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) for morphological characteristics showed that the first for principal components(PC's) explained 41.6% of the total variation. From th third PC explained 81.5% of the total variation. The first PC was correlated with those characteristics that were mainly related to the Petal length (PL), Leaf length (LL) width (LW), Stigma length (SL). The second PC was correlated with the Petiole length (PTW), Anther length (AL). The third PC was correlated with the Flower pedicel length (FPL), Filament length (FL). Therefore, these characteristics was important to analysis of the variation for morphological characteristics among provenances of Rhododendron micranthum. Cluster analysis using single linkage method based on morphological characteristics showed that six provenances of Rhododendron micranthum could be clustered into three groups. Group I is Jicdong-ri, Group II is Mt.worak and Yeonha-ri, and Group III is Taeback, Bonghwa, and Samcheok. These results corresponded well with that of principal component analysis.