• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2008

The anticancer and immunomodulatory activities of low molecular weight (Mw 11 kDa) fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme (H. fusiforme) via the ultrasonification extraction process were assessed in this study. Low molecular weight fucoidan improved the growth of human B and T cells, up to approximately 40% as compared to the controls (untreated) and 30% for commercially available fucoidan (Mw 150 kDa). IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ were secreted from human B cells at levels of $7.8\times10^{-4}$ pg/mL and $7.2\times10^{-4}$ pg/mL, respectively, and these levels were higher than the levels measured in the controls and with other high molecular weight fucoidan. It was also determined that the cytokine from human B and T cells cultivated with added fucoidan enhanced the growth of human NK cells. The fucoidan isolated from H. fusiforme showed low cytotoxicity, approximately 19%, after the addition of 1.0 mg/mL, the highest tested concentration. The growth of human lung cancer cells (A549) and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were inhibited by 69.8% and 83.3%, respectively. These results demonstrated that the low molecular weight fucoidan isolated from H. fusiforme has potential as a new functional food component that evidences immunomodulatory activities and anticancer activity. One of the primary positive features of this fucoidan is that low molecular weight polysaccharides can be readily handled during processing.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2016

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and malignant bone tumors. Although many types of resection surgery and experimental agents were developed, median survival and clinical prognosis are poorly investigated. Recently, several researches have reported that Eucheuma cottonii has potent as protective effects of coal dust-induced lung damage via inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidative stress in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). However, anti-cancer effects and specific molecular mechanism of extract from Eucheuma cottonii (EE) has not been clearly studied yet. This study evaluated that anti-cancer potential of EE in human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells. EE indicated cytotoxicity on Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological degradation and nucleic condensation were also observed under the EE treatment. However, it did not significantly affect on non-cancerous kidney HEK-293 cells under the same concentration which is shown cytotoxicity on Saos-2 cells. The phosphorylation of Fas-Associated Death Domain (FADD) and expression of cleaved caspase-8, -7 and -3 were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. In immunofluorescence staining, expression level of Fas and cleaved PARP were upregulated by EE treatment. Furthermore, treatment of EE induces upregulation of sub G1 phase by flow cytometry analysis. The results demonstrated that EE has a therapeutic potential against osteosarcoma via FADD mediated caspase cascade apoptosis signal pathway.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.126-144
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• 2012

Background : Peripheral nerves more rapidly recover than central nerves. However, it has been known that the degree of reaction of axons of peripheral nerves is affected by distinctive characteristics of axons and environmental factors near the axons. Taxol is a widely used medicine as for ovarian, breast, lung and gastric cancer. However it causes patients difficulties under treatment due to its toxic and side effects, which include persistent pain. Objectives : This study reviewed how SJT extract in vitro and in vivo affects nerve tissues of a sciatic nerve damaged by Taxol. It also studied how SJT extract in vivo affects axons of the sciatic nerve after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing. Methods : After vehicle, Taxol, and Taxol plus SJT were treated respectively for tissue of the sciatic nerve in vitro and then tissues were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and anti-cdc2. SJT was also oral medicated by injecting Taxol into the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats. Tissues of the sciatic nerve and axons of DRG sensory nerves were then observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and p-Erk1/2. After inflicting pressing damage to the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats, tissues of the sciatic nerve and DRG sensory nerve were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3, anti-cdc2, phospho-vimentin, ${\beta}1$-integrin, Dil reverse tracking and p-Erk1/2. Results : The group of in vitro Taxol plus SJT treatment had meaningful effects after sciatic nerve tissue was damaged by Taxol. The group of in vivo SJT treatment had effects of regenerating Schwann cells and axons which were damaged by Taxol treatment. The group of in vivo SJT had effects of regenerating axons in damaged areas after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing, and also had variations of distribution in Schwann cells at DRG sensory nerves and axons. Conclusions : This study confirmed that SJT treatment is effective for growth of axons in the sciatic nerve tissues and improvement of Schwann cells after axons of the sciatic nerve tissues was damaged. After tissues of sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing in vivo, SJT treatment had effects on promoting regeneration of axon in the damaged area and reactional capabilities in axons of DRG sensory nerves.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 is well known for many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetes, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes present in nature and are widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and novel derivatives. We aimed to synthesize new ginsenosides from Rh2 using the recombinant GT enzyme and investigate its cytotoxicity with diverse cell lines. Methods: We have used a GT gene with 1,224-bp gene sequence cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LRGT) and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant GT protein was purified and demonstrated to transform Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides, and they were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: Two novel ginsenosides with an additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) and two additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) linked with the C-3 position of the substrate Rh2 were synthesized, respectively. Cell viability assay in the lung cancer (A549) cell line showed that glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited cell viability more potently than ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 at a concentration of 10 μM. Furthermore, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7), mouse embryo fibroblasts cells (3T3-L1), and skin cells (B16BL6) at a concentration of 10 μM compared with ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3. Conclusion: This is the first report on the synthesis of two novel ginsenosides, namely, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 and diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 from Rh2 by using recombinant GT isolated from L. rhamnosus. Moreover, diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 might be a new candidate for treatment of inflammation, obesity, and skin whiting, and especially for anticancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2014

Background: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the steaming process on chemical constituents, free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative effect of Vietnamese ginseng. Methods: Samples of powdered Vietnamese ginseng were steamed at $120^{\circ}C$ for various times and thei extracts were subjected to chemical and biological studies. Results: Upon steaming, contents of polar ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1, were rapidly decreased, whereas less polar ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rk3, and Rh4 were increased as reported previously. However, ocotillol type saponins, which have no glycosyl moiety at the C-20 position, were relatively stable on steaming. The radical scavenging activity was increased continuously up to 20 h of steaming. Similarly, the antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was also increased. Conclusion: It seems that the antiproliferative activity is closely related to the contents of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

Sunlight, and in particular its UV component, is the major environmental trigger that underlies the major signs of human skin and skin cancer in general. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the UV protection effects of R. coreanus. R. coreanus was extracted by ultra high pressure extraction process at 500 MPa and $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 and 15 minutes. The cytotoxicity of the extracts extracted by ultra high pressure process on human dermal fibroblast cell CCD-986sk, human kidney normal cell HEK293, and human lung normal cell HEL299 was measured as 17.5%, 16.5% and 14.0%, respectively in adding $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$ of the samples, which was much lower than that from conventional water extraction method at $100^{\circ}C$ as 23.2%, 22.5%, 21.2%. The secretion of $NO^-$ from macrophage showed $15.9\;{\mu}M$ on the R. coreanus extract from this process, which was higher than others. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production from UV-induced human skin cells was also greatly decreased down to $510\;pg/m{\ell}$, compared to the control. From the results, we considered that the extracts from R. coreanus could be potent natural materials for skin anti-inflammation agent, and could be used as a potential anti-aging for the photo-damaged skin.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the nanomaterials that were discovered by Iijima in 1991 for the first time. CNTs have long cylindrical and axi-symmetric structures. CNTs are made by rolling graphene sheets. Because of their large length-to-diameter ratio, they are called nanotubes. CNTs are categorized as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based on the shell structures. CNTs are broadly used in various fields, such as scanning probe microscopy, ultra fine nano balance and medicine, due to their extraordinary thermal conductivity, electrical and mechanical properties. Because long, straight CNTs have the same shape as asbestos, which cause cancer in cells lining the lung, there have been many studies on the effects of MWCNTs on human health that have been conducted. Stable atomization of CNTs is very important for the estimation of inhalation toxicity. In the present study, electro-static assisted axial atomizer (EAAA), which is the instrument that uses MWCNTs and aerosolizes them by transforming the single fiber shape using ultrasonic dispersion and electric field, was invented. EAAA consists of a ultrasonic bath for dispersion of MWCNTs and a particle generator for atomizing single fibers. The performance evaluation was conducted in order to assess the possibilities of 6-hour straight atomization with stability, which is the suggested exposure time in a day for the estimation of inhalation toxicity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2017

Actinobacteria are prolific producers of a large number of natural products with diverse biological activities. In the present study, an actinobacterium isolated from sunflower rhizosphere soil sample collected from Medak, Andhra Pradesh, South India was identified as Amycolatopsis thermoflava strain SFMA-103. A pigmented secondary metabolite in culture broth was extracted by using methanol and it was further purified by silica gel column chromatography with methanol-chloroform solvent system. Structural elucidation studies based on UV-visible, 1D and 2D-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopic analyses confirmed the structure as 1-methoxy-3-methyl-8-hydroxy-anthraquinone. It showed significant in vitro anticancer activity against lung cancer and lymphoblastic leukemia cells with $IC_{50}$ values of 10.3 and $16.98{\mu}M$, respectively. In addition, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-8-hydroxy-anthraquinone showed good free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method with an $EC_{50}$ of $18.2{\mu}g/ml$. It also showed other promising superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities. This is a first report of anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities of 1-methoxy-3-methyl-8-hydroxy-anthraquinone isolated from A. thermoflava strain SFMA-103 which may find potential application in biotechnological and pharmaceutical fields.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.200-212
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• 1996

The clinical staging systems for oral squamous cell carcinoma is limited as a prognostic indicatior because of different biological characteristics of cancer in this region and variable microenvironment depending on subsites, there have been study to determine prognosis by evaluating malignancy, that is the nature of tumor cells. Many studies have been tried to determine prognostic indicator in various malignancies for the evaluation of differentiation capacity and the expression of oncogene product. EGF make a role in cellular growth and differentiation and to be essential in cellular survival. EGFR is an intergral membrane protein, stimulate cellular differentiation and hormonal secretion, and has structural homology with V-erb-B transforming protein. Recent reports have demonstrated that EGFR is overexpressed in stomach, breast, vagina, dermis, head and neck, genitourinary and lung tumors, and possibly used as a tumor marker. In head and neck region, most of studies were mainly carried out on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In the present study, immunohistochemical study for EGFR and C-erb-B2 gene in paraffin sections of 45 squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity was performed to evaluate the presense of EGFR and C- erb-B2 gene in this lesion, to evaluate them as a prognostic indicator by analysing the correlation between these expression and subsites, primary stages, clinical stages, pathologic grades, neck node metastasis, recurrences and treatment results, and to determine relation between EGFR and C-erb-B2 gene.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-45
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• 2000

In order to investigate the antitumor effect by Dangguihwalhyultang after B-l6 cells were transplanted in C57BL/6 mice, and the immune responses in mice induced by methotrexate, the extract of Dangguihwalhyultang was orally administered to the ICR mice. Experimental studies were performed for measurance of metastasis, cell cytotoxicity in vitro, life extention, weight of cancer, natural killer cell activity. productivity of interleukin-2. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Mean survival time in Dangguihwalhyultang-treated group was prolonged, as compared with control group(14.63%) significantly(P<0.05). 2. Inhibition of metastasis in Dangguihwalhyultang-treated group was higher than control group with significance on 14th day(P<0.05). 3. On the weight of solid tumor. Dangguihwalhyultang-treated group was less than control group with significance(P<0.05). 4. On the MTT assay. Dangguihwalhyultang concentration inhibited cell viability was $368.8{\mu}g/well$. 5. Natural killer cell activity in Dangguihwalhyultang-treated group was significantly increased on 100:1, 50:1 E/T(effect cell/target cell) ratio(P<0.05). 6. Production of interleukin-2 in Dangguihwalhyultang-treated group was significantly increased(P<0.05).