• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.482-489
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• 2011

In practical design process, designer needs to find an optimal solution by using full factorial discrete combination, rather than by using optimization algorithm considering continuous design variables. So, ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) based on an orthogonal array, i.e. Taguchi method, has been widely used in most parts of industry area. However, the Taguchi method is limited for the shape optimization by using CAE, because the multi-level and multi-objective optimization can't be carried out simultaneously. In this study, a combined method was proposed taking into account of multi-level computational orthogonal array and TOPSIS(Technique for Order preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), which is known as a classical method of multiple attribute decision making and enables to solve various decision making or selection problems in an aspect of multi-objective optimization. The proposed method was applied to a case study of the multi-level shape optimization of lower arm used to automobile parts, and the design space was explored via an efficient application of the related CAE tools. The multi-level shape optimization was performed sequentially by applying both of the neural network model generated from seven-level four-factor computational orthogonal array and the TOPSIS. The weight and maximum stress of the lower arm, as the objective functions for the multi-level shape optimization, showed an improvement of 0.07% and 17.89%, respectively. In addition, the number of CAE carried out for the shape optimization was only 55 times in comparison to full factorial method necessary to 2,401 times.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2016

Background: The location and the number of lumbar sympathetic ganglia (LSG) vary between individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate level for a lumbar sympathetic ganglion block (LSGB), corresponding to the level at which the LSG principally aggregate. Methods: Seventy-four consecutive subjects, including 31 women and 31 men, underwent LSGB either on the left (n = 31) or the right side (n = 43). The primary site of needle entry was randomly selected at the L3 or L4 vertebra. A total of less than 1 ml of radio opaque dye with 4% lidocaine was injected, taking caution not to traverse beyond the level of one vertebral body. The procedure was considered responsive when the skin temperature increased by more than $1^{\circ}C$ within 5 minutes. Results: The median responsive level was significantly different between the left (lower third of the L4 body) and right (lower margin of the L3 body) sides (P = 0.021). However, there was no significant difference in the values between men and women. The overall median responsive level was the upper third of the L4 body. The mean responsive level did not correlate with height or BMI. There were no complications on short-term follow-up. Conclusions: Selection of the primary target in the left lower third of the L4 vertebral body and the right lower margin of the L3 vertebral body may reduce the number of needle insertions and the volume of agents used in conventional or neurolytic LSGB and radiofrequency thermocoagulation.

• 아동학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-75
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability for the Test of Oral Reading and Comprehension Skill (Gardner, 2000) for Korean lower level elementary school children. Subjects were 122 first to third grade students, tested individually. The vocabulary and comprehension sub-tests of K-WISC III and the reading comprehension test of Basic Academic Skills Assessment (Kim, 2000) were used to verify concurrent validity. Internal reliability was determined by internal consistency coefficients. Results verified concurrent validity. Test scores differed significantly by grade level. Test reliability was also confirmed. In conclusion, the Oral Reading and Comprehension Skill Test (Gardner, 2000) is reliable and valid for examination of reading comprehension skills for Korean lower level elementary school children.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회논문집; 한국과학기술회관; 6 Nov. 1997
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• pp.222-226
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• 1997

The reproducibility of measured level is a prior condition for the reliable assessment of the sound insulation performance. To review the reproducibility of impact sound level, 20 floors were selected in highrise apartment house, and then impact sound levels of two kinds of typical floors were measured with 10 times in each receiving point. The impact sound insulation class values were derived with a standard tapping machine and bang machine. Inspection of the result showed that smaller scale of the room caused to lower the reproducibility and that the higher values of standard deviation in lower frequency caused to deteriorate the reliability of assesment. Thus to enhance the reproducibility of the impact sound insulation class, greater allowable deviation of measured level is required in lower frequency than in higher one.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 D
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• pp.2419-2422
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• 2000

A distributed real-time system that is being used now is usually divided into three level : higher level, middle level, and lower level. The higher level network is usually called an information network, the middle level is called a control network, and the lower level is called a field network or a divice network. This dissertation suggests and implements a middle level network which is called PICNET-NP (Plant Implementation and Control Network for Nuclear Power Plant). PICNET-NP is based partly on IEEE 802.4 token-passing bus access methed and partly on IEEE 802.3 physical layer. For this purpose a new interface, a physical layer service translater, is introduced. A control network using this method is implemented and applied to a distributed real-time system.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1999년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.143-148
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• 1999

A distributed real-time system that is being wed now is usually divided into three level : higher level, middle level, and lower level. The higher level network is usually called an information network, the middle level is called a control network, and the lower level is called a field network or a divice network. This dissertation suggests and implements a middle level network which is called PICNET-NP (Plant Implementation and Control Network for Nuclear Power Plant). PICNET-NP is based partly on IEEE 802.4 token-passing bus access method and partly on IEEE 802.3 physical layer. For this purpose a new interface, a physical layer service translator, is introduced. A control network using this method is implemented and applied to a distributed real-time system.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1193-1203
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• 2023

This study aims to provide primary data regarding the thermal stress of disposable personal protective coveralls. Thermal stress and surface temperature measurements were taken among ten men wearing coveralls. The size of the ten men corresponds to a size eight in Size Korea. As a result of thermal stress, sensations of humidity and discomfort were higher when wearing Level C compared to Level D. Level D felt significant thermal stress in their upper body after exercise. However, they did not feel such stress in their lower body. Level C felt thermal stress in their upper and lower body after exercise. In addition, in Level C, the ratings of perceived exertion blood pressure and pulse rate after exercise were higher than those of Level D. Furthermore, the surface temperature of disposable personal protective coveralls among Level C was slightly higher than that of Level D.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2007

The present research investigated the relationship between social competence and behaviour problems of children with mental retardation. Participants were 73 from both regular and special education schools. Social competence and behaviour problems were measured using the Teacher-Child Rating Scale. An important findings of this study described as the following. First, there were no significant differences in social competence and behaviour problems between boys and girls. Second, there were moderate significant differences in social competence between lower and higher grade children with mental retardation. Children who are higher grade had a significantly more social competence when compared with children who are lower grade. But there are no significant differences in behaviour problems between lower and higher grade. Third, there were moderate significant differences in social competence between lower and higher IQ children with mental retardation. Children who are higher IQ had a significantly higher level of social competence and significantly lower level of behaviour problems, when compared with children who are lower IQ. Forth, there were moderate significant differences in social competence between the regular schools and special education groups. Children who attended special education schools had a significantly higher level of social competence and significantly lower level of behaviour problems, when compared with children who attended regular schools. Fifth, social competence of children with mental retardation was negatively related to behaviour problems. These findings suggest that characteristics of social competence and behaviour problems of students with mental retardation should be considered in order to successfully implement social competence interventions of students with mental retardation.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to compare pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in the vertebral segments between patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP) and healthy participants without back pain and to determine the correlation between vertebral bone-segment PPT and pain level, lower back pain dysfunction, and psychological status in patients with CLBP. Methods: The subjects of this study were 23 healthy adults and 23 adults with CLBP. PPT was measured in 23 spinal bone segments using a PPT device, and the CLBP group was subjected to a pain level test (NRS) and a psychological test using the Korean version of the pain catastrophizing scale (KPCS). The functional level was assessed using the Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (KODI). Results: PPTs of the spinal sclerotomes were significantly lower in patients with CLBP than in healthy participants. In the CLBP group, the composite score of lumbar PPTs showed a high correlation with the composite scores for all segments, but not with the pain level (NRS), KPCS score, and spinal sclerotome PPT. Moreover, PPT in the sacral sclerotomes showed a significant negative correlation coefficient with function, with a KODI score of -.462 (p<.01). Conclusion: In this study, PPTs in all spinal segments in patients with CLBP was significantly lower than that in healthy subjects. The PPTs of the lumbar region was significantly correlated with the PPTs of other spinal regions. Through this study, it was found that there were changes in PPTs in CLBP patients not only in the lumbar region but also in other spinal regions. This information should be considered during clinical treatment of patients with low back pain.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.89-115
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• 1968

영양조건(營養條件)으로서 가리(加里)가 대사과정(代謝過程)의 활성화(活性化) 내지조정자(乃至調整者)라는 견지(見地)에서 가리공급수준과(加里供給水準) 생태적조정조건(生態的調整條件)이라고 볼 수 있는 온도주기성(溫度週期性)이 고구마 생육(生育)과 몇 가지 동위원소(同位元素) 동태(動態)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 살피었다. 역경배양하(礫耕培養下) 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)(3m.e/l)는 생장(生長)을 현저(顯著)히 억제(抑制)할 뿐 아니라 말기(末期)에는 대리(待異)한 생장점(生長點) 위조현상(萎凋現象) 등을 나타나게 하였다. 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)(14m.e/l) 특히 암기저온구(暗期低溫區)는 현저(顯著)한 초장(草丈), 마디수(數), 생체중증대(生體重增大)를 가져오고 질소효과와 비슷한 영양생장촉진생육상(營養生長促進生育相)을 나타냈으나 함유질소(含有窒素)를 분석(分析)한 결과 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)가 평균(平均) 2.86~3.23% 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)가 2.91~3.41%로서 큰 차이(差異)를 나타낸 것으로 볼 수 없다. 따라서 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)의 영양생장촉진형(營養生長促進型) 유도(誘導) 특히 초장촉진(草丈促進)은 가리(加里)가 질소흡수(窒素吸收)를 촉진(促進)한데 연유(然由)한 것이 아니라 가리자체(加里自體)의 효과로 보인다. 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)에서는 괴근형성(塊根形成)이 불능(不能)하였지만 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서는 영양생장촉진생육상(營養生長促進生育相)에 수반하며 질소효과와는 달리 후기(後期)에는 괴근형성(塊根形成)도 왕성(旺盛)하였다. 고수준가리구중(高水準加里區中)에서도 암기저온구(暗期低溫區)에서는 더욱 영양생장촉진경향(營養生長促進傾向)이 원저(願著)하고 암기고온구(暗期高溫區)에서는 지상부대지하부비(地上部對地下部比), 또는 괴근비(塊根比)가 월등(越等)하여 원래(元來)의 온도주기성(溫度週期性)의 효과가 고수준가리(高水準加里)에 의(依)하며 변화(變化)된 것으로 보인다. 인(燐)-32 가리(加里)-42의 개체당(個體當) 흡수(吸收) 및 흡수율(吸收率)은 고수준(高水準) 가리구(加里區)에서 현저(顯著)하고 특(特)히 괴근형성기(塊根形成期) 및 괴근생성(塊根生成)이 가장 왕성(旺盛)한 구(區)에서 증대(增大)되고 있나 p-32보다 k-42동태(動態)가 이점(點)에 관하여 더 활발(活潑)한 것을 볼 수 있다. 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)에서는 P-32, K-42의 지상부(地上部)로의 이동(移動)이 억제(抑制)되고 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서는 촉진(促進)되고 있다. 즉 가리(加里)가 인(燐)-32와 가리(加里)-42의 지상부전이(地上部轉移) 특(特)히 생장점(生長點)으로의 전이(轉移)에 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)를 가지고 있다. 가리함량(加里含量)은 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서 높고 근신장기(根伸長期)보다 괴근형성기(塊根形成期)에 감에 따라 증가(增加)되고 있지만 인산함량(燐酸含量)은 별차이(別差異)가 없고 나토리움함량(含量)은 가리(加里)와 대조적(對照的)으로 정반대(正反對)의 경향(傾向)을 나타내고 있다. 가리(加里)는 온도주기성(溫度週期性)의 관여하(關與下) 고구마생장(生長)에 지리(持異)한 효과를 나타내고 또 P-32, K-42이동(移動)등 기본적(基本的) 대사과정(代謝過程)에 관여(關與)하기 때문에 공급량(供給量)이나 조건(條件)에 따라서 다양적효과를 가질 수 있는 영양요소(營養要素)라고 본다. 본연구(本硏究)를 지도(指導)하신 조백현원자력위원(趙伯顯原子力委員)과 협조(協調)하여주신 국제원자력기구(國際原子力機構) 및 가리연구회(加里硏究會)에 심사(深謝)한다.