• Title/Summary/Keyword: Low-stress mechanical properties

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Forging Effect of Al6061 in Casting/Forging Process (주조/단조 공정에서 Al6061의 단조효과에 관한 연구)

  • Kwon, Oh-Hyuk;Bae, Won-Byong;Cho, Jong-Rae
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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    • v.22 no.11 s.176
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    • pp.45-50
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    • 2005
  • In this study, the casting/forging process was applied in manufacturing a low control arm, in order to prove that application of casting/forging process to Al6061 is likely to get the effect of light weight compared with existing steel products and to reduce the cost of materials. Firstly, In order to set up the optimum casting condition of the forging material, Al6061, casting experiments were carried out by controlling pouring temperature of the aluminum for casting, mold temperature, and pouring time. $700^{\circ}C$ pouring temperature, $300^{\circ}C$ mold temperature and 10-second pouring time were taken into account as the optimum casting conditions. With respect to a hot forging test, it is practiced on the basis of a temperature of materials, strain rate, and reduction rate so as to observe each microstructure and examine strain-stress curve simultaneously; examine tensile test and hardness test; eventually set up the optimum hot forging condition. A hot forging test, tensile test, hardness experiment, and microstructure observation were carried out on condition of $70\%$ reduction rate, $500^{\circ}C$ temperature of materials, and 1 strain rate. As a result of those experiments, 330MPa tensile strength, $16.4\%$ elongation, and 122.8Hv hardness were recorded. In oder to get a sound preform which has no unfitting cavity and less flash, two preforms were proposed on the basis of volume rate of the final product; the optimum volume rate of preform for the low control arm was $115\%$. In conclusion, it is confirmed that using the forging material rather than casting materials in casting/forging process is likely to get more superior mechanical properties. Compared with Al6061, performed by means of general forging, moreover, cast/forged Al6061 can not only stimulate productivity by reducing production processes, but cut down the cost of materials by reusing forging scraps.

Tribological study on the thermal stability of thick ta-C coating at elevated temperatures

  • Lee, Woo Young;Ryu, Ho Jun;Jang, Young Jun;Kim, Gi Taek;Deng, Xingrui;Umehara, Noritsugu;Kim, Jong Kuk
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2016.02a
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    • pp.144.2-144.2
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    • 2016
  • Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have been widely applied to the mechanical components, cutting tools due to properties of high hardness and wear resistance. Among them, hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) coatings are well-known for their low friction properties, stable production of thin and thick film, they were reported to be easily worn away under high temperature. Non-hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) is an ideal for industrial applicability due to good thermal stability from high $sp^3$-bonding fraction ranging from 70 to 80 %. However, the large compressive stress of ta-C coating limits to apply thick ta-C coating. In this study, the thick ta-C coating was deposited onto Inconel alloy disk by the FCVA technique. The thickness of the ta-C coating was about $3.5{\mu}m$. The tribological behaviors of ta-C coated disks sliding against $Si_3N_4$ balls were examined under elevated temperature divided into 23, 100, 200 and $300^{\circ}C$. The range of temperature was setting up until peel off observed. The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient was decreased from 0.14 to 0.05 with increasing temperature up to $200^{\circ}C$. At $300^{\circ}C$, the friction coefficient was dramatically increased over 5,000 cycles and then delaminated. These phenomenon was summarized two kinds of reasons: (1) Thermal degradation and (2) graphitization of ta-C coating. At first, the reason of thermal degradation was demonstrated by wear rate calculation. The wear rate of ta-C coatings showed an increasing trend with elevated temperature. For investigation of relationship between hardness and graphitization, thick ta-C coatings(2, 3 and $5{\mu}m$) were additionally deposited. As the thickness of ta-C coating was increased, hardness decreased from 58 to 49 GPa, which means that graphitization was accelerated. Therefore, now we are trying to increase $sp^3$ fraction of ta-C coating and control the coating parameters for thermal stability of thick ta-C at high temperatures.

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Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Study of Oil Palm Biomass Resources (Part 5) - Torrefaction of Pellets Made from Oil Palm Biomass - (오일팜 바이오매스의 자원화 연구 V - 오일팜 바이오매스 펠릿의 반탄화 연구 -)

  • Lee, Ji-Young;Kim, Chul-Hwan;Sung, Yong Joo;Nam, Hye-Gyeong;Park, Hyeong-Hun;Kwon, Sol;Park, Dong-Hun;Joo, Su-Yeon;Yim, Hyun-Tek;Lee, Min-Seok;Kim, Se-Bin
    • Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.34-45
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    • 2016
  • Global warming and climate change have been caused by combustion of fossil fuels. The greenhouse gases contributed to the rise of temperature between $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $0.9^{\circ}C$ over the past century. Presently, fossil fuels account for about 88% of the commercial energy sources used. In developing countries, fossil fuels are a very attractive energy source because they are available and relatively inexpensive. The environmental problems with fossil fuels have been aggravating stress from already existing factors including acid deposition, urban air pollution, and climate change. In order to control greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, fossil fuels must be replaced by eco-friendly fuels such as biomass. The use of renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly necessary. The biomass resources are the most common form of renewable energy. The conversion of biomass into energy can be achieved in a number of ways. The most common form of converted biomass is pellet fuels as biofuels made from compressed organic matter or biomass. Pellets from lignocellulosic biomass has compared to conventional fuels with a relatively low bulk and energy density and a low degree of homogeneity. Thermal pretreatment technology like torrefaction is applied to improve fuel efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass, i.e., less moisture and oxygen in the product, preferrable grinding properties, storage properties, etc.. During torrefacton, lignocelluosic biomass such as palm kernell shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) was roasted under an oxygen-depleted enviroment at temperature between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$. Low degree of thermal treatment led to the removal of moisture and low molecular volatile matters with low O/C and H/C elemental ratios. The mechanical characteristics of torrefied biomass have also been altered to a brittle and partly hydrophobic materials. Unfortunately, it was much harder to form pellets from torrefied PKS and EFB due to thermal degradation of lignin as a natural binder during torrefaction compared to non-torrefied ones. For easy pelletization of biomass with torrefaction, pellets from PKS and EFB were manufactured before torrefaction, and thereafter they were torrefied at different temperature. Even after torrefaction of pellets from PKS and EFB, their appearance was well preserved with better fuel efficiency than non-torrefied ones. The physical properties of the torrefied pellets largely depended on the torrefaction condition such as reaction time and reaction temperature. Temperature over $250^{\circ}C$ during torrefaction gave a significant impact on the fuel properties of the pellets. In particular, torrefied EFB pellets displayed much faster development of the fuel properties than did torrefied PKS pellets. During torrefaction, extensive carbonization with the increase of fixed carbons, the behavior of thermal degradation of torrefied biomass became significantly different according to the increase of torrefaction temperature. In conclusion, pelletization of PKS and EFB before torrefaction made it much easier to proceed with torrefaction of pellets from PKS and EFB, leading to excellent eco-friendly fuels.

Mechanical behavior of rock-coal-rock specimens with different coal thicknesses

  • Guo, Wei-Yao;Tan, Yun-Liang;Yu, Feng-Hai;Zhao, Tong-Bin;Hu, Shan-Chao;Huang, Dong-Mei;Qin, Zhe
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.1017-1027
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    • 2018
  • To explore the influence of coal thickness on the mechanical behavior and the failure characteristics of rock-coal-rock (RCR) mass, the experimental investigation of uniaxial compressive tests was conducted first and then a systematic numerical simulation by particle flow code (PFC2D) was performed to deeply analyze the failure mechanical behavior of RCR specimens with different coal thicknesses in conventional compression tests. The overall elastic modulus and peak stress of RCR specimens lie between the rock and the coal. Inter-particle properties were calibrated to match the physical sample strength and the stiffness response. Numerical simulation results show that the deformation and strength behaviors of RCR specimens depend not only on the coal thickness, but also on the confining pressure. Under low confining pressures, the overall failure mechanism of RCR specimen is the serious damage of coal section when the coal thickness is smaller than 30 mm, but it is shear failure of coal section when the coal thickness is larger than 30 mm. Whereas under high confining pressures, obvious shear bands exist in both the coal section and the rock section when the coal thickness is larger than 30 mm, but when the coal thickness is smaller than 30mm, the failure mechanism is serious damage of coal section and shear failure of rock section.

Debris Flow Mobility: A Comparison of Weathered Soils and Clay-rich Soils (풍화토와 점성토 위주의 토석류 거동과 유동특성)

  • Jeong, Sueng-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.23-27
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    • 2013
  • The risks of debris flows caused by climate change have increased significantly around the world. Recently, landslide disaster prevention technology is more focused on the failure and post-failure dynamics to mitigate the hazards in flow-prone area. In particular, we should define the soil strength and flow characteristics to estimate the debris flow mobility in the mountainous regions in Korea. To do so, we selected known ancient landslides area: Inje, Pohang and Sangju debris flows. Firstly we measured physical and mechanical properties: liquidity index and undrained shear strength by fall cone penetrometer. From the test results, we found that there is a possible relationship between liquidity index and undrained shear strength, $C_{ur}=(1.2/I_L)^{3.3}$, in the selected areas, even though they were different in geological compositions. Assuming that the yield stress is equal to the undrained shear strength at the initiation of sliding, we examined the flow characteristics of weathered soils in Korea. When liquidity index is given as 1, 1.5 and 3.0, the debris flow motion of weathered soils is compared with that of mud-rich sediments, which are known as low-activity clays. At $I_L=1$, it seems that debris flow could reach approximately 250m after 5 minutes. As liquidity index increased from 1 to 3, the debris flow propagation of weathered soils is twice than that of low-activity clays. It may be due to the fact that soil masses mixed with the ambient water and then highly fragmented during flow, thereby leading to the high mobility. The results may help to predict the debris flow propagation and to develop disaster prevention technology at similar geological settings, especially for the weathered soils, in Korea.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber/Si/SiC and Carbon Fiber/C/SiC Composites (탄소섬유/Si/SiC 및 탄소섬유/탄소/SiC 복합재의 기계적 물성)

  • 신동우;박삼식;김경도;오세민
    • Composites Research
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.8-16
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    • 1999
  • Carbon woven fabric/C/SiC composites were fabricated by multiple impregnations of carbon woven fabric/carbon preform with the polymer precursor of SiC, i.e., polycarbosilane. In addition, two kinds of low density carbon/carbon preforms which had different fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation, i.e., a carbon woven fabric(${\thickapprox}$55 vol%)/carbon and a chopped carbon fiber${\thickapprox}$40 vol%)/carbon composites, were reaction-bonded with a silicon melt at 1$700^{\circ}C$ in a vacuum to fabricate dense carbon fiber/Si/SiC composites. The reaction-bonding process increased the density to ~2.1 g/$cm^3$ from 1.6 g/$cm^3$ and 1.15 g/$cm^3$ of a carbon woven and a chopped carbon preforms, respectively. All of the composites fractured with extensive fiber pull-out. The higher the density the higher the stiffness and proportional limit stress. The mechanical properties obtained from a three-point bend and tension tests were compared. The ratios of the peak tensile stresses to the bending strengths of a carbon woven and a chopped carbon composites were about one-third, respectively. The carbon woven fabric/Si/SiC composites with density of 2.06 g/$cm^3$ showed ~120 MPa of ultimate strength and ~80 MPa of proportional limit in bend testing.

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Effect of h-BN Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AIN Ceramics (AIN 세라믹스의 미세조직과 기계적 성질에 미치는 h-BN 첨가의 영향)

  • 이영환;김준규;조원승;조명우;이은상;이재형
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.40 no.9
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    • pp.874-880
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    • 2003
  • The effect of h-BN content on microstructure, mechanical properties, and machinability of AlN-BN based machinable ceramics were investigated. The relative density of sintered compact decreased with increasing h-BN content. The four-point flexural strength also decreased from 238 MPa of monolith up to 182 MPa by the addition of 30 vol% h-BN. Both low Young's modulus and residual tensile stress, formed by the thermal expansion coefficient difference between AIN and h-BN, might cause the strength drop in AlN-BN composite. The crack deflection, and pull-out phenomena increased by the plate-like h-BN. However, the fracture toughness decreased with h-BN content. The second phases, consisted of YAG and ${\gamma}$-Al$_2$O$_3$, were formed by the reaction between Al$_2$O$_3$ and Y$_2$O$_3$. During end-milling process, feed and thrust forces measured for AlN-(10~30) vol% BN composites decreased with increasing h-BN particles, showing excellent machinability. Also, irrespective of h-BN content, relatively good surfaces with roughness less than 0.5 m (Ra) could be achieved within short lapping time.

Bond and Flexural Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened Using Ductile PET (고연성 PET 섬유로 보강된 철근콘크리트 보의 부착 및 휨 거동)

  • Park, Hye-Sun;Kim, So-Young;Lim, Myung-Kwan;Choi, Donguk
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.30-39
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    • 2016
  • An experimental study was performed to investigate flexural performance and bond characteristics of RC beams strengthened using ductile polyethylene terephthalate(PET) with low elastic modulus. Bond tests were planned and completed following CSA S806. Test variables were fiber type and fiber amount. Also, total of 8 RC beams was tested. Major test variables of the beam tests included section ductility(${\mu}=3.4$, 7.0), fiber type(CF, GF, PET) and amount of fiber strengthening. Moment-curvature analyses of the beam sections were also performed. In bond tests, the bond stress distribution as well as the maximum bond stress increased with increasing amount of PET. In case of 10 layers of PET, the effective bond length was 60 mm with the maximum and the average bond stress of 2.33 and 2.10 MPa, respectively. RC beam test results revealed that the moment capacity of the RC beams strengthened using PET 10 and 20 layers increased over the control beam with little reduction in ductility by fiber strengthening. All beams strengthened using PET resulted in ductile flexural failure without any sign of fiber debonding or fiber rupture. It was important to include the mechanical properties of adhesive in the moment-curvature analysis of PET-strengthened beam sections.

A Study on the Cyclic Hardening Property and the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Marine Materials (박용재료(舶用材料)의 반복경화(反復硬化) 및 저(低)싸이클 피로특성(疲勞特性)에 관한 연구)

  • S.M. Cho;K. Horikawa
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.108-116
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    • 1991
  • In the non-linear behavior of many materials, there is difference between the monotonic behavior by static load and the cyclic behavior by cyclic load. In particular, the short fatigue cracks to propagate in elasto-plastic stress concentrations(notches), are governed significantly by the cyclic behavior of materials. Accordingly, it is needed to investigate and compare the monotonic and cyclic behavior of materials. In the pressent study, the stress-strain relations of materials by monotonic and cyclic load tests were examined for 2 kinds of steels(SS41, HT80) and 5 kinds of Al-alloys(A5083-O, A6N01-T5, A7N01-T4, A7016-T6, A7178-T6). And the constants for mechanical properties of the materials were determined by experimental results, Moreover, when a notch was subjected to cyclic load, the effect of cyclic hardening property of materials on the variation of stress-strain amplitude in the notch tip was discussed by the application of Neuber's rule and experiments for a center notched plate.

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