• 보건행정학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.167-203
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• 1992

The effects of regional health insurance on access to ambulatory care are examined in this paper. Access is measured as use-disability ratios. The data are collected in a household interview survey at Hwachon county before and after the introduction of regional health insurance. Before the introduction of regional health insurance, low-income class has less contacts with physicians than high-income class. This disparity in accessibility among economic classes is reduced with the health insurance coverage, but not removed, even after adjusting for health need.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.290-300
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• 1982

The study deals with the empirical research on the condition of nutrient intake of low income class which be represented by urban slum and rural area, with the analysis of the factors which might influence on the prevalent condition of nutrient- intake. The method of the research was based on the spot-survey with questionaires. The result is that the levels of nutrient-intake are below the standard requirement level of nutrients in both of urban slum and rural area. The level of nutrient intake in urban slum lies in approximately 50% of the standard requirement level and 80% of the standard requirement level in rural area. The extent of malnutrition was explained in terms of the amount of calorie, protein, calcium and iron. More than half of the population in the community are below the standard requirement level of the nutrient- intake. The problem of malnutrition was serious in urban slum than in rural areas, which made a good contrast with the result of Peru study. Deficiency in calcium was most serious. The factor analysis of the prevalent condition of malnutrition in low class suggests that 1) The function of local market in supplying food is not so effective in the sense that the quality of the foods purchased id the local market is poor. 2) Low level of knowledge, the consequent ignorance and the indifference to the nutrition and the low income led to malnutrition. The level of income and the education were significantly correlated to the nutrient-intake.

• 복식
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2001

This study gives information for the enterprise to map out a positive marketing strategy and facilitate a new product development by researching and analyzing the specific character of the high income woman-brackets. In order to do that, based upon the materials of the National Statistical office, I made a selection of the high income brackets, subdividing their scholastic ability into four serfs. The subject of the study was the women from twenties to sixties among customers of a high class dress shop in Taejeon. I made up 600 questionnaires for them. using 441 of these for the statistical analysis and making available the correlation analysis, the primary factor analysis, and $X^2$-test. This study is classified into the type of women customers purchasing clothes who are the high-income brackets. Intended to study a special quality of purchasing according to income. 1. The purchasing manner of the high-income brackets customers is exposed the luxurious vain purchasing manner, the rational reasonable manner, and idiosyncrasy individual manner in order 1) The consumer of the high-income brackets in general prefer to a high class clothes. In the contrast, low-income brackets prefer to rational reasonable consumption in spending money on clothes. 2) The favorite consumption manner of the high income brackets is the luxurious vain purchasing manner. This consumption values the more symbolic means the things show than owing the goods. 2. The higher standard of education and younger tends to be high in the luxurious, vain purchasing. 3. The unreasonable purchasing show an high irrelation at the impulse buying arid self-satisfaction. 4. Self-satisfaction shows the highest interrelation than any other variations in the concern of clothes. 5. The symbolic images which exerts an influence upon purchasing manner are the notable elements of constituting as growing older. 6. The high standard of education prefers to the rational resonable purchasing, but on the other hand shows a high rate at the unreasonable individual purchasing manner.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2003

Objectives : To assess the distribution of social support, and explore its effects on self-rated health status in a low income neighborhood of Seoul, Korea. Methods : In September 2001 we conducted a survey in a low income neighborhood of Seoul, Korea, in which 862 residents, aged 18 years or over, participated. We measured the general sociodemographic characteristics, self-rated health status and social support with the instrument developed from Korean translation of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support survey (MOS-SSS) scale of the US. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of social support, and explore its effects on self-rated health status. Results : Lower social class, women or divorced people had much less social support compared to higher social class, men or those never married, respectively. Those families on much lower income also received less social support. Social support has a positive impact on the self-rated health status, which remains statistically significant even when other relevant variables are adjusted. Conclusions : This study suggests that social support has an important role in health, and the socially disadvantaged have lower social support. Therefore, to improve the health status of the poor, it is necessary to encourage community participation, and develop strategies that could strengthen their provision of social support.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.706-715
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• 2011

This study aims to identify the dietary patterns relevant to obesity of Korean women among low income classes. Adults 20-64 years were used as study subjects from the data of 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared obese and normal-weight women in terms of their nutrients intake, diet quality and food patterns. Diet quality was assessed by using the Nutritional Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). Our results showed higher prevalence of obesity among lower socioeconomic status women. In men, there were no significant associations with socioeconomic status and prevalence of obesity. Higher risk of nutritional inadequacy was observed among obese women compared to normal weight women. Obese women showed significantly lower INQ for nutrients such as Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavin and Vitamin C compared to other women. They consumed significantly higher amount of rice (p < 0.05) and lower amount of vegetables (p < 0.01). By contrast, obese men from low income classes showed higher intake of those nutrients. Obese men also consumed significantly higher amount of meats than normal weight men. Therefore, this study suggests that gender-specific approaches based on economic situation should be considered in developing the intervention program for managing obesity for low income classes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2015

본 연구는 중산층 성인 남녀의 영양상태를 저소득층 및 고소득층과 비교하기 위하여 실시되었으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 대부분의 영양소 섭취량은 소득 수준에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있었으며, 특히, 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 칼륨, 티아민, 나이아신, 비타민 C섭취 수준은 남녀 모두에서 소득 수준이 높을수록 섭취 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 철분과 리보플라빈 섭취량은 성별에 따라 다른 양상을 보였는데, 중산층 남성의 경우 철분과 리보플라빈 섭취 수준이 저소득층 보다 높고 고소득층과 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면, 중산층 여성의 철분 섭취량은 고소득층 보다 낮고 저소득층과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3. 1,000 kcal 당 영양소 섭취 수준을 비교한 결과, 중산층 남성의 경우 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취량은 고소득층과 유사하게 나타난 반면, 중산층 여성의 경우 이들 영양소 섭취량이 저소득층 보다 높고 고소득층 보다 유의적인으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과는 저소득층 뿐만 아니라 중산층, 특히 중산층 여성에 대한 영양문제에 관심을 가질 필요가 있다는 것을 보여준 것으로, 향후 소득 계층별 영양정책 수립에 있어, 성별에 대한 차이를 고려한 맞춤 복지에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2004

This study is to examine relationships of several socioeconomic position indicators with mortality risk in a nationwide longitudinal study of South Korea. The Korea Labor & Income Panel Study, conducted on a probability sample of urban South Korean households by Korea Labor Institute, contains date of death information for the decedents which were used to estimate relative risks of mortality and their $95\%$ confidence intervals (CI) with Cox regression analysis. A total of 125 men and women among 8,415 subjects died between 1998 and 2002. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality were observed after adjustment for sex and age. Those with less than 12-year education had 1.90 times $(95\%\;CI=1.25-2.91)$ greater mortality risk than those with 12-year education or more. Greater mortality risks were also found among those with low occupational class and manual occupation. The magnitude of differentials in mortality risks between occupational class were similar in two different approaches to measuring women's occupational class: (1) approach 1 where women, married or not, retain their own occupational class, and (2) approach 2 where married women are assigned their husbands' occupational class. Relative risks of dying among those with low household Income were 1.62 $(95\%\; CI=1.08-2.42)$ compared with the counterparts. Those who reported economic hardship at the time of survey in 1998 had greater risk of mortality $(RR=1.83,\;95\%\;CI=1.21-2.78)$ than those who did not. In conclusion, increased social discourse and policy discussions about these health inequalities are needed in Korean society. Future studies should explore the causes and mechanisms of socioeconomic mortality inequalities.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.625-633
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• 2017

본 연구는 가구소득의 불평등에 민간보험수입과 의료비본인부담지출이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 확인하기 위하여 2015년 의료패널조사데이타에 대하여 소득계층별 집중지수와 집중곡선 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가구소득 집중지수가 0.3580으로 소득이 고소득층에 집중되어 있어서 불평등 정도가 상당히 큰 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 민간보험수입이 고소득층에 집중하여 적지만 고소득층 가구의 소득집중현상을 강화시킨다. 셋째, 저소득층의 의료비 본인부담지출이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 가구소득에서 전체 의료비본인부담지출을 제외한 소득에 대한 집중지수가 0.3676으로 나타나서 의료비본인부담지출 후에도 소득이 고소득층에 크게 집중되어 있었다. 따라서 민간보험수입과 의료비본인부담지출은 모두 가구소득불평등을 심화시키는 요인으로 작용하고 있어서 융 복합적 연구 및 정책방안 마련을 통한 개선이 요구된다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2023

Background: To improve the support low-income individuals' medical expenses, it is necessary to think about ways to enhance the Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program. This study proposes expanding support criteria and changing the income standard. Methods: This study conducted simulations using national data from the National Health Insurance Service. Simulations performed for people who have used health services (n=172,764) in 2022 to confirm the Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program's size based on changes to the subject selection criteria. Results: As a result of the simulation with expanded criteria, the expected budget was estimated to increase between Korean won (KRW) 13.2 (11.5%) and 138.6 billion (37.4%), and the number of recipients increased between 41,979 (48.9%) and 150,317 (76.1%). The results of the simulation for the change in income criteria (applied to health insurance levels below the 50th percentile) estimated the expected budget to increase between KRW -8.9 (-7.8%) and 55.6 billion (15.0%) and the number of recipients to increase between -8,704 (-10.1%) and 41,693 (21.1%) compared to the current standard. Conclusion: The 2023 Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program's criteria were expanded as per the 20th Presidential Office's national agenda to alleviate the burden of medical expenses on the low-income class. In addition, The Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program needs to be integrated with other medical expense support policies in the mid- to long-term, and a foundation must be prepared to ensure the consistency of each system.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.17-47
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• 2016

이 글은 노동시간의 소득계층별 차이와 분포 및 추이를 드러내고 정책적 함의를 도출한다. 노동시간을 주변적시간제, 시간제, 표준노동시간, 장시간으로 구분하고 소득분위별 상대분포를 비교한 결과, 소득 하위 20%는 주변적시간제 내지 시간제일자리에, 소득 2분위에서 4분위까지 60% 가량이 장시간 노동에, 상위 20%는 표준시간노동에 종사하였다. 한국의 노동시간은 단시간-저소득의 유형I, 장시간-중위소득의 유형II, 표준시간-고소득의 유형III으로 계층화된다. 노동시간 유형에 대한 패널 다항로짓 분석결과 월평균 임금을 기준으로 저임금-단시간, 중위임금-장시간, 고임금-표준시간의 유형이, 시간당 임금을 기준으로 저임금-초장시간, 중위임금-장시간, 고임금-표준시간 유형이 확인되었다. 시간당임금 및 월임금, 비정규직 비율, 직업군, 연령대를 중심으로 노동시간의 계층화가 심화되었다. 소득 하위 20%에 대해서는 최저임금 인상, 중위소득 60%를 포함한 다수의 노동자에 대해서는 노동시간 단축을 통한 고용창출이 유효한 전략이 될 수 있다.