• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3755-3761
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• 2013

This study aims to assess the ecological risk of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea by using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR, EPA, US, EPI $Suite^{TM}$ 4.1). Owing to the absence of environmental standards of hazardous air pollutants in the semiconductor manufacturing processes in Korea, 18 HAPs in the semiconductor field included in both the US EPA NESHAPs and the hazardous air pollutant list of Ministry of Environment in Korea were selected. As a results 8 chemicals (44.4%) of the selected 18 HAPs were VOCs. Cyanides (cyanides) and ethylene oxides (epoxy resins), and tetrachloro-ethylene (aliphatic compounds, halides) showed long half-lives. Cyanide HAPs especially had the highest half-life with the estimated value of 356.533 days. Nickel compounds (heavy metal compounds) possessed the highest water solubility followed by acetaldehyde (aldehyde compounds), ethylene oxides, and 1,4-dioxanes. The halides, including tetrachloro-ethylenes, carbon tetra-chlorides, benzene (aromatic compounds), and lead (heavy metals), are estimated to take the longest time for biodegradation. Tetrachloroethylene, with the acute toxicity end point of 3.685-7.033 mg/L, was assessed to be the most highly toxic substance among the 18 HAPs. However, considering the absence of the HAPs in the common category of log $K_{ow}{\geq}4$and $BCF{\geq}500$, which indicates the standard of bioconcentration potentials, potentials of the bioconcentration are considered to be low.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.222-225
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• 2009

The apartment housing in Korea has been rapidly constructed by adapting the most suitable construction methods as like wall structure, wet and united construction. But most of short-lived equipments usually filled in the structure which has longer life, and it causes not only to make difficult coping with the deterioration of equipments but also to let buildings remained deteriorate themselves. The buildings can be remodelled to slow down the terms of deterioration or reconstructed to give a new life of themselves, although the disposal of wastes or the lack of natural resources still be problems and unsolved that can occurred in pulling down and reconstructing the buildings. Furthermore, it is the time to need keeping with worldwide trends and movements as like sustainability or 'green growth' movements based on low carbon emissions. The researches for Long-Life Housing apartments which has durability and variation have been advanced up to now. Long-Life Housing apartments can separate their structures from equipments and interior or exterior materials of buildings. Therefore equipments or materials of buildings can be easily repaired and replaced with new ones, even if they are deteriorated themselves. Also, the construction process of Long-Life Housing apartments can be independent from the matter of proprietary rights, terms of durability, decision rights and so on. 'The law of Possession and Management of Collective Building' and the 'Regulation of Management of Collective Building' established by each local governments are already legislated for declaring the rights of using and ownership, responsibilities of each parts of apartment buildings. These laws and regulations classify the ownership of each parts of apartment buildings, and divide the ownership with public possession and exclusive possession. Therefore, this study will conduct comparative analysis between 'The law of Possession and Management of Collective Building' and 'the Regulation of Management of Collective Building' and find problems which can be occurred in future construction of Long-Life Housing apartments. It will be helpful to revise laws and regulations.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.16-25
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• 2014

Recent national policy agenda of 'Low-Carbon Green Growth' has been implemented as the important vision of the country. The government has set a target of entering the seven major world powers of Green Nation at 2020, and five major world powers at 2050. In order to achieve the goal, the reduction of greenhouse gases and the composition of green land and transportation has been promoted as an important policy. In a construction industry sector, policies and technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy have been actively developed. In the case of developed countries, research for green road infrastructure has been conducted, which is the basis for certification system of green highway. This paper benchmarks the policies and cases of developed countries, verifies the applicability in the domestic road sector, and suggests the introduction of the certification system of green highway.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.371-379
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• 2010

Since Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2005 takes effect, the transportation policies of most countries move toward encouraging the use of the transit mode with energy efficient and low carbon. Korea is 8th country of producing Co2 emissions and will be one of obligation countries decreasing Co2 after year 2013. In order to improve the efficiency of national transport system investment, this study developed the strategies toward rail-oriented transport system by considering operational speed and accessability, rail-oriented development, and introduce of ubiquitous technique in railway. The four major strategies targeted for future year are introduced here such as One-hour rail(connecting major cities within one hour), Seamless 30(accessing major railway stations within 30 minutes, Rail urbanism (railway-based urban planning), and U-rail (railway service with ubiquitous technique). Each strategy includes several action plans and their priorities are investigated using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) to organize them by time scheme as short, mid, and long term perspective.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Photovoltaic system is the core one among the new and renewable energy of the low Carbon and green growth. Recently, the necessity developing PV is emerging since its of less green hose gas emissions. However, a survey or research on the PV system has been hardly performed. It's not easy to find a appropriate location in consideration of environment. These circumstances encourages a systematic approach for the PV system development. The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology of the location analysis for developing PV system. With this, constraint and location criteria with weights of Analytic Hierarchy Process are established and quantification method of each factor is presented. The location analysis of PV system using the GIS were generalized and the results of analysis for redundant topographic features were presented as 3 criteria of the suitability rank.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

The district heating system has been successfully implemented with higher efficiency levels of energy production and reduction of carbon emissions during heat generation. Traditionally the system consisted of small number of production and demand sites, but, recently it has evolved into a network with large number of sites interconnected each other. By connecting multiple sites into a network, heat from low-cost production sites can be supplied to distant demand sites so as to lower the total operation cost. In this study, we simulate and analyze distict heating networks focused on critical links. a critical link is defined as a link in which capacity is fully utilized. If a newtork has critical links, then those cricial links become bottlenecks and it is difficult to improve the overall network efficiency.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2001

The purpose of study is to obtain low-emission and high-efficiency in LPG engine with hydrogen enrichment. The test engine was named heavy-duty variable compression ratio single cylinder engine (VCSCE). The fuel supply system provides LPG/hydrogen mixtures based on same heating value. Various sensors such as crank shaft position sensor (CPS) and hall sensor supply spark timing data to ignition controller. Displacement of VCSCE is $1858.2cm^3$. VCSCE was runned 1400rpm with compression ratio 8. Spark timing was set MBT without knocking. Relative air-fuel ratio(${\lambda}$) of this work was varied between 0.76 and 1.5. As a result, i) Maximum thermal efficiency occurred at ${\lambda}$ value 1.0. It was shown that thermal efficiency was increased approximately 5% with hydrogen enrichment at same ${\lambda}$ value. ii) Engine-out carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were decreased at a great rate under LPG/hydrogen mixture fuelling. iii) Total hydrocarbon (THC) emission was much exhausted in rich zone, same as CO. But THC was exhausted a little bit more in lean zone. iv) Finally, engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was increased with ${\lambda}$ value 1.0 zone at a greater rate with hydrogen enrichment due to high adiabatic flame temperature.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.140-145
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• 2019

In view of environmental considerations, the control of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of important issues in the film and coating industries. Therefore, UV-curable system has been developed due to minimize emissions of VOCs and reduce CO₂ emission due to low energy consumption from fast curing. Also, biodegradable polymers economically are attractive because of environmental and economic concerns associated with huge waste plastics. In this study, UV-curable polyurethane acrylates with different compositions of biodegradable polylactide (PLA) diol and poly(ethylene glycol) as diols were synthesized and curing reaction of their end-capped acrylates was performed by UV exposure. Tensile strength, elongation, and Tg of the UV-cured polyurethane acrylates increased with PLA diol content in the diol while their hydrophilicity and thermal stability increased with the PEG content. These results indicated a property of UV-cured polyurethane acrylates could be controlled by environment-friendly diols.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2014

With the vision of 'a low carbon green develop' various industrial by-products were used as replacement of cement, in order to reduce $CO_2$ emissions from the manufacturing process of cement. Blast furnace slag is one of the industrial by-products. Due to the similar chemical compositions to ordinary Portland cement, blast furnace slag have been widely used in concrete with minimum side effects. Hence, in recent years, alkali activated slag-based composites are extensively studied by many researchers. However, the alkali activator can cause a number of problems in practice. Therefore, in this study, an alternative way of activating the slag was investigated. To activate the slag without using an alkali activator, calcium sulfate dihydrate was chosen and mixed with natural recycled fine aggregate. Fundamental properties of the slag-based mortar were tested to evaluate the effect of calcium sulfate dihydrate.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.667-679
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• 2015

The bearer of the power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer for the following reasons. Firstly, power companies are constrained in establishing appropriate strategies to comply with ETS regulations due to the structural differences between the domestic power market and emission trading system. In other words, because power companies do not have a right to determine price and production of electricity, they have to compete with other companies under disadvantaged conditions in the emission trading market. Secondly, because ETS compliance cost is part of power production costs as it is also clearly written in the national greenhouse gas reduction road-map and the second energy supply plan, the cost should be included in power price following the power market operation rule. Thirdly, the most effective method to reduce carbon emissions in power sector is to reduce power demand, which is efficiently achieved through raising power price to a realistic level. Low power price in Korea is the major cause of rising power demand which is also the major cause of rising GHG emission. Therefore, power sector's ETS compliance cost should be included in power price to encourage power consumers' actions on reducing power consumption. Fourthly, when externality cost occurs in the process of delivering public services, usually beneficiary pay principle is applied to identify the cost bearer. Since electricity is one representative public good, the bearer of power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer.