• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.185-209
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• 2014

While the local health insurance and the employment-based insurance were integrated in July 2000, the insured is divided into employment-based insured and the local insured and the relevant premium has been applied to both groups. The health insurance premium having the feature of social solidarity has to be determined depending on income, that is, the ability to pay in accordance with the principles of social insurance. While employment-based insurance premium has been determined depending on the earned income, the local insurance premium for the local insured has been determined by scoring gross income(evaluated income), property and possession of automobiles. A variety of improvement approaches has been implemented including introduction of the employment-based insurance premium ceiling system (2002) and the change of property scoring system for the local insured (2006). However, the health insurance system which was merged in 2000 has been implemented up to now without significant change even though there were lots of socio-demographic change including increase of income level and the population structure such as low birth and aging. In other words, it is required to implement the premium rating system securing the income-based equity. Nevertheless, it was inevitable to apply the diverse rating standards in the early stage because it was very difficult to verify the income of the self-employed. Although the income verification rate was significantly increased from 23% in 1989 to 44% in 2010, the irrational standards including property, automobiles, living standard and activity rate have been still applied to the local insured because it is difficult to secure the validity of insurance premium rating system and it severely lacks of security. This paper investigated whether the current insurance premium rating system for the local insured imposing the premium on the basis of 'gender' and 'age' complies with the basic human rights secured by the current Constitution of the Republic of Korea with respect to the practical and theoretic irrationality of insurance premium rating system and standards for he local insured. In accordance with the analysis results, this paper proposed the approach to improve the system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2829-2832
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• 2012

Background: This study aimed to research the awareness of screening colonoscopy (SC) among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and their relatives. Methodology: A questionnaire form including information and behavior about colonoscopic screening for CRCs of patients and their first-degree relatives (FDRs) was prepared. Results: A total of 406 CRC patients were enrolled into the study, with 1534 FDRs (siblings n: 1381 and parents n: 153). Positive family history for CRC was found in 12% of the study population. Previous SC was performed in 11% of patients with CRC. Mean age of the patients whose FDRs underwent SC was lower than the patients whose FDRs did not (52 vs 57 years; p<0,001). The frequency of SC in FDRs was 64% in patients diagnosed CRC under 35 years of age. Persons having a positive family history of CRC had SC more often (51 vs 22%, p<0,001). FDRs of patients having a higher educational level and income had SC more frequently. Conclusions: When screening for CRC is planned, elderly subjects, those with family history for CRC, and those with low educational and lower income should be given esspecial attention in order that they be convinced to undergo screening for CRC.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 1993

A dimension of well-being economic security was analyzed and compared with economic adequacy. Again it was tested whether two indicators of economic security(short-term vs. long-term) yield same distribution across all household groups. Economic Security was defined as the household ability to sustain a given level of consumption in the case of economic emergency; specifically loss of income. Measure of 8 different kinds of economic security were constructed from household net worth including and excluding home equity. Data were taken from the 1988 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey and 2148 households were selected to test hypotheses concerning the economic security of American households Empirical results showed a very low level of economic security in general. The first hypothesis that distribution of economic adequacy and economic security are same across all population groups was rejected. On the average security measure rather than adequacy measure was favor to white female-headed households and households who have old and highly educated house-holder. The second hypothesis that the indicators of long-term and short-term economic security yield the same results across all household was not rejected. In general the level of economic security was relatively higher when long-term indicator was used than short-term indicator was however the direction and relative size of effect of income and each control variable was almost same.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2014

As the cities developed and grew into larger metropolises, land value grew and land invariably became an asset. One of very critical causalities of such widespread need for development was the urban residence that got converted into cesspools of urban slum, major crime area and rapidly degraded. Incessant population growth of these cities called for more land to build residences especially the economically affordable and safe housings were needed for the citizens of none or low-income community. However, not enough attentions have yet been given to the essential basics of human habitation that exist within metropolitan limits by social, economical and political aspects. The following paper studies and elaborates the development motivation adopted by the government to develop public housing in the United States under the technical guidance of supporters and developers from national and international communities. The paper discusses current situation of public housing in the United States with a focus on understanding the present status of public housing and physical condition of their surroundings, strategies for fund mobilization, types of local involvement and community participation, ways of continuous monitoring and maintenance, etc. thereby creating a self-sustaining and integrated management plan for public housings in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

Purpose: Mortality due to trauma is relevant to both low-income and high-income countries. A diversity of causes leads to mortality such as, socioeconomic status and geographic factors. This study sought to differentiate between cases of mortality in a metropolitan city and a rural area, with data from critical trauma patients. Methods: Community-based severe trauma surveillance data from 2018 was used in this study. Logistic regression was conducted to compare the odds ratios between deaths that occurred in a metropolitan city and a rural area. Multiple logistic regression by controlling variables such as type of medical institution and injury severity score was conducted to estimate the effect on the trauma patients. Results: In total, 28,217 participants were selected as total population. We observed that the odds of death decreased as the level of the trauma center increased. Compared to the metropolitan city, the odds ratio of rural areas was 1.44. The odds ratio increased as the injury severity score increased. Conclusion: This study suggests that the mortality of critical trauma patients is higher in rural areas than in metropolitan cities. More studies are needed to expand on this.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to identify general characteristics of health status and health behavior of adolescents in accordance with their purposes with internet. Methods: Based on Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey (KYRBS) in 2014, a total of 57,333 adolescents who had used internet were examined in this study. Results: Users for non-academic purposes were associated with male, low grades, low education level of parents, low income level, being apart from parents, being without any consulting partners, being with one parent families, low perceived health status, the experience suicidal ideation and negative health behavior such as alcohol and tobacco. In particular, these trends were appeared strongly by internet users for the purpose of the non-academic purposes. Male among high grades is shown to be mostly Academic internet users and they were more likely to have problems with some health behaviors such as exercise frequency and smoking. Conclusions: Target population should be internet users for only non-academic purposes to prevent internet addiction of adolescents. Internet addiction prevention program should be provided in terms of mental health and problematic behavior. Additionally, health behavior of internet over user for only academic purposes should be concerned.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.88-104
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• 2002

According to the change of mandatory referral system in July 1, 2000, the effect to the medical utilization of outpatient clinic and medical income in ophthalmology of tertiary care medical institute, S Hospital in Seoul was evaluated for 6 months before(1999. 12$\sim$2000. 5) and after(2000. 12$\sim$2001. 5). The results were as follows: 1. The number of outpatients was reduced by 16.6%. The number of patient with blindness low vision, retina, glaucoma increased and that of patient with accommodation refractive error, cataract decreased. 2. The number of cataract patients was reduced by 36.6%. The major location of patient's address was changed to nearer to the hospital. The number of cataract surgery reduced in 4.1%, the waiting time reduced in 42.2%, however surgery time increased in 20.2% and number of postoperative complications increased in 11.4%. 3. The income of outpatient clinic and cataract surgery reduced. Among items of outpatient clinic income, the most increased was ocular examination and the most reduced was injection and drugs. Among items of cataract surgery income, the most increased was operation fee and the most decreased was doctor's fee. In conclusion, for the patient, due to the lowered density of outpatient population more space was provided to the patients with more severe disease entity such as blindness' low vision, retina and glaucoma. For the hospital, the need for the expansion of ophthalmology was not found, however that for creation of the special clinics dealing with more severe disease entity was found. Due to reduced income and increased need of financial investment for the equipment and manpower for the more severe disease entity, the ophthalmology of tertiary care medical institute is faced with financial disaster. It is strongly suggested that the cost of medical practice of more severe disease entity be raised to achieve the success after change of mandatory referral system in ophthalmology.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to provide basic data for the establishment of effective health policies for the unmet medical experience that may occur among the elderly depending on whether they live in a singleperson household or not. Methodology: This study used data from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2020) and excluded cases with missing values in variables for the total number of respondent participants of 15,469. Finally, 2,850 subjects aged 65 or older were selected for final analysis. This study examined the relationship between experiences of unmet medical needs, attempting to confirm the relationship between single-person households and unmet medical needs through subgroup analysis considering gender, age, and household income. Results: According to the results, in the case of single-person households, the odds ratio (OR) for unmet medical needs was significantly higher at 1.60 times (95% CI: 1.16-2.21). Upon conducting subgroup analyses for gender, age, and household income quintiles, the OR was significantly higher at 2.24 times (95% CI: 1.14-4.41) for males and 1.48 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.14) for females, statistically significant in both cases. For individuals aged 65-69, the OR was significantly higher at 1.90 times (95% CI: 1.04-3.47), but for those aged 70-74 and over 75, it was not statistically significant. In the case of households with 'low' income, the OR was higher at 1.62 times (95% CI: 1.16-2.26), and for 'middle' income, it was significantly higher at 3.21 times (95% CI: 1.08-9.51). Conclusion: This study confirmed that the experience of unmet medical care is high among men who make up single-person households and low-income seniors. Therefore, this study suggests that policies to expand medical services and support welfare for single-person households should be established to resolve these problems, showing that health policies that take into account individual and regional characteristics are needed to improve medical accessibility for single-person households.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1606-1632
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• 2018

This study analyzes the technology billionaires with the combination of technology commercialization studies and billionaire research. However, we will not discuss individual billionaires, but discuss the general features of technology billionaires. This study assumes that the answers to the technology commercialization studies are in the technology billionaire researches. In other words, unlike the technology commercialization studies so far, it can be said that it is a retrospective approach of technology commercialization to see the process and the beginning from the result. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, technology billionaires are in the middle rank among industries, but their wealth is the best. Second, in the technology sector, four 20s are self-made billionaires. It is a matter of securing technological opportunities, not a long training and preparation. Third, the determinants of technology billionaires are population size and venture capital investment. This means technological efforts and sufficient market conditions are the basis for the development of technology billionaires. Fourth, only high income is not the determinant of technology billionaires. There are many small countries that are very rich but can not utilize technology. Technology billionaires can appear in countries with a minimum of US $ 20,000, unless the country has a huge population such as China and India. Sixth, technology billionaires in the diversified business, classified as Chaebol in low-income countries become scarce in the countries over the US $ 40,000. Billionaires will increase rapidly from the mid-2000s. However, this is not explained by the income increase effect. The world's income increase has been slowing since the 1980s. The market economy effect of the socialist countries is not the reason, because it is limited to some socialist countries. Ultimately, the main reason is the new technology opportunity called the IT paradigm.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2008

This study was conducted to measure and evaluate the food and nutrient intakes of the people living near the nuclear plant and to investigate the relationship between the household income level and the food and nutrient intake patterns. A total of 552 cases (263 males and 289 females) were surveyed during the period from April 1 to December 21 of 2005. Dietary intake was measured by means of the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 14.0). The household income level of the subjects was classified into two groups : Low income group (LIG; $\leq$2,000,000 won) and high income group (HIG; > 2,000,000). The subjects at large had less energy and nutrient intakes than did the population in town and village who participated in the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, and folic acid was less than the Estimated Average Requirement in case of $50{\sim}95%$ of the subjects. The LIG consumed less beans, vegetables, fruits, meats, and beverages than did the HIG in male, while the LIG consumed less eggs and beverages than did the HIG in female. The LIG consumed less nutrients than did the HIG in male, except for carbohydrate, while the LIG consumed less nutrients including zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folic acid than did the HIG in female. In addition, the LIG had higher percentage energy consumption from carbohydrate. These results suggest that higher food and nutrient intake is associated with higher income.