• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.113-137
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to figure out the urban establishing families' economic structures(income, expenditure, assets, first-present-future housing cost etc.), the states of first-present housing, the future housing plans, and the housing preferences. For this purpose 274 establishing families in Seoul and its metro-politan area were interviewed through the standardized questionnares. Finally 264 questionnares were analyzed. The major findings were as follows; 1. The important source of their monthly incomes was the labor income. But there was often the transfer income from their parents. And the important items of monthly expenditures were savings and foods. In higher income classes, the traffic cost was important relatively. 2. It was found that the urban establishing families were very dependent on their parents for their first-present housing costs. The dependency was stronger in high education classes compared to the low. This was the case in future housing costs. 3. The states and changes of first-present housing showed the demands for an apartment, homeowership, and privacy. These tendencies were higher in high education classes compared to low education classes, but the demands for future housing were according to the monthly income. The present locations were determined majorly by the distance from office and parents. 4. Their housing preferences were different from the present housing states. Furnished rental housing, open living space, large common spaces, and common using of unusual appliances etc. were more preferred by high education classes compared to low education classes.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1986

The prensent study was aimed to explore the reality of the low-income consumers problem by the comparison among five income classes. Specifically, this study was intended to (1) compare the levels of consumer skill, market risk, and consumer problem among the five income classes, (2) examine the relationship between consumer problem and consumer skill, and the relationship between consumer problem and market risk, and (3) search the types of consumer problems that each income class consumers might experience the most often. For this purpose, a survey was conducted using questionaire on 525 home managers in Seoul. The deta were analyzed by ANOVA and DMR test. The major findings were as follows; First, the consumer skill was the poorest in the low-income consumers. There was curvilinear relationship between consumer skill and income level. Second, the market risk was the highest in the low-income consumers. Market risk had a negative linear relationship with income level. Third, consumer problem was the most serious in the low-income consumers and was the least serious in the middle-income consumers. Fourth, the lower consumer skill and the higher market risk the consumers had, the more consumer problems they tended to experience. Finally, the low-income consumers had relatively more difficulties in door-to-door sale and inferior goods problem than the middle and the high-income consumers. On the other hand, the latter experienced relatively more difficulties in false and misleading advertising, overcharge, unfair bargain, and warrenty-repair-exchange problem than the former. Taken together, the research hypotheses were well supported in this study. It was suggested that the quality and the quantity of the low-income consumers problem were different from those of the middle-and the high-income consumers problem.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.706-715
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• 2011

This study aims to identify the dietary patterns relevant to obesity of Korean women among low income classes. Adults 20-64 years were used as study subjects from the data of 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared obese and normal-weight women in terms of their nutrients intake, diet quality and food patterns. Diet quality was assessed by using the Nutritional Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). Our results showed higher prevalence of obesity among lower socioeconomic status women. In men, there were no significant associations with socioeconomic status and prevalence of obesity. Higher risk of nutritional inadequacy was observed among obese women compared to normal weight women. Obese women showed significantly lower INQ for nutrients such as Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavin and Vitamin C compared to other women. They consumed significantly higher amount of rice (p < 0.05) and lower amount of vegetables (p < 0.01). By contrast, obese men from low income classes showed higher intake of those nutrients. Obese men also consumed significantly higher amount of meats than normal weight men. Therefore, this study suggests that gender-specific approaches based on economic situation should be considered in developing the intervention program for managing obesity for low income classes.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.163-177
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to present basic data of clarifying the differences between employed and unemployed wives' family and comparing low classes with other classes for the more reasonable and successful home administration through investigating and analyzing decision-making patterns of the families of working women in the low income group. The questionnaires were distributed in September 1984 to 300 working women in the city of Seoul and Sung-Nam. Statistical methods such as frequency, percentage and the mean value were used for grasping general characteristics of the families and F-test, Pearson's Correlations were used for investigating the interrelation of the related variables. The results of this study were as follows; 1) Wife's participation indecision-making was increased while joint decision-making was decreased compared with those of unemployed wives' family and other classes. 2) Both of the degree of conjugal participation in decision-making and joint decision-making were influenced by wife's educational level, disparity in educations of couple, husbands' occupation, family income, wife's age. But duration of marriage affected only the degree of joint decision-making. Especially family income and husbands; occupations turned to be important variables in low income families. 3) In case of wife's satisfaction with her occupation, joint decision-making was well achieved or not according to certain decision items. Though wife and husband satisfied with their marriage, joint decision-making was not well performed in working wives' family with low income.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1995

Urben wage workers' education expenditure among different social classes from 1979 to 1993 has been compared. Eduction expenditure has increased much more than that of income resulting from income increase and government policy. Education expenditure gaps among social classes have showed to be an increasing trend although the ratio of education expense to the income has increased among low class families. Average income elasticity was 1.1 and this result showed that education expense was luxury good. Income elasticity of education expense among low class families have fluctuated more than any other classes resulting from construction business cycle and housing rent increase. Average Gini coefficient was 0.38 and turned out to be highest among 9 household expenditures, however it was in the trend of improvement from 81. But from 91 Gini Coefficient went up high again. Main reason for this increase was due to high social class families' eucation expenditure increase. Government's strong policies to enhance equality level of education opportunity and to support low class families are urged.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 독거노인의 사회경제적 지위 잠재유형을 분류한 후, 사회경제적 지위 잠재유형과 자아존중감과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 2009년도 전국노인학대실태조사의 자료 중, 65세 이상 독거노인 1,333명의 자료를 분석하였다. 연구문제를 해결하기 위해 잠재유형분석 및 일원변량분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회경제적 지위는 5개의 잠재유형으로 분류되었으며, 각각 고학력-저소득 집단, 저학력-저소득 집단, 중간학력-저소득 집단, 고학력-고소득 집단, 저학력-고소득 집단으로 명명되었다. 둘째, 자아존중감은 저학력-저소득 집단이 저학력-고소득 집단, 고학력-저소득 집단, 고학력-고소득 집단보다 낮게 나타났으며, 중간학력-저소득 집단이 고학력-저소득 집단과 고학력-고소득 집단보다 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 저학력-고소득 집단의 자아존중감이 고학력-고소득 집단보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 저학력-저소득 집단에 비해 고학력-저소득 집단, 중간학력-저소득 집단, 고학력-고소득 집단, 저학력-고소득 집단은 자아존중감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 통제변수가 추가 투입된 모형에서도 일관되게 나타났다. 이를 근거로 독거노인의 하위집단별 특성에 관한 기초자료와 그들의 삶의 질을 향상하기 위한 실천 및 정책적 함의를 제공한다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.3-27
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• 1992

우량공기업(優良公企業)의 경영성과(經營成果)를 국민(國民)에게 환원하여 중(中) 하위소득층(下位所得層)의 재산형성(財産形成)을 지원하고, 주식(株式)의 광범위한 분산보유(分散保有)로 자본시장(資本市場) 저변(底邊)을 확충(擴充)시켜 나가기 위하여 정부(政府)는 1988년에 처음으로 포항제철주식(浦項製鐵株式)을 국민주(國民株)로 보급하였고, 1989년에는 한국전력(韓國電力)의 주식(株式)도 국민주(國民株)로 보급하였다. 그리고 단계적으로 국민은행(國民銀行), 한국통신(韓國通信) 등 여러 공기업(公企業)의 정부보유(政府保有) 주식(株式)을 국민주방식(國民株方式)으로 중(中) 하위(下位) 저소득계층(低所得階層)에게 매각하는 계획을 구체적으로 세워 놓고 있으나, 1989년도 초반 이후 전반적으로 주가(株價)가 하락함에 따라 국민주(國民株) 보유자(保有者)들의 자산가치(資産價値)가 급격히 하락하자, 국민주방식(國民株方式)에 의한 저소득계층(低所得階層)의 재산형성정책(財産形成政策)은 더 이상 추진되지 못하고 있다. 그러므로 본고에서는 기왕에 이루어진 포항제철(浦項製鐵)과 한국전력(韓國電力)의 국민주(國民株) 현황(現況)을 살펴보고, 국민주방식(國民株方式) 민영화정책(民營化政策)의 경제적(經濟的) 효과(效果)와 문제점(問題點)을 분석(分析)하여 향후에 단계적으로 지속될 국민주방식(國民株方式)의 공기업민영화(公企業民營化) 정책집행(政策執行)에 도움이 되는 시사점을 찾고자 한다.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.75-101
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• 2024

This study investigates the variation in anxiety levels across income classes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The research is based on data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 2017 and 2021, and it employs a multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic model. The unique aspect of this investigation lies in its utilization of the Cantril ladder, a commonly employed tool in public opinion research, to gauge anxiety levels. Participants are prompted to assess their present life circumstances concerning their daily worries and anxieties. The empirical findings provide evidence that individuals in provinces with higher exposures to COVID-19 reported heightened anxiety levels. Furthermore, the results highlight a consistent association between higher household income and lower levels of anxiety. Notably, individuals from the highest income group experienced a substantial decline in anxiety levels during the pandemic. When examining specific income classes, the study reveals heightened anxiety among women in higher-income brackets and among lower-income households residing in urban areas. Furthermore, regarding macroeconomic circumstances, the results illustrate a positive correlation between economic prosperity and anxiety levels among members of low-income households. The study also uncovers a positive connection between income inequality and self-assessed anxiety within upper-middle and high-income brackets.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2004

In order to investigate the differences of nutrient intakes by the economic status and different age groups and to identify the nutritional risk group and its specific nutrition problem, 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The subject's numbers of 9,391 were classified into four classes such as low (14.2%), medium (37.2%), high (26.0%), and high above (22.6%) on the basis of the family monthly income and the 2001 Korean minimum cost of living according to the family size. Mean intakes of energy and all nutrients assessed by the RDAs, lipid-energy %, and MAR were increased as the economic status were going up. Na intake expressed per 1,000kcal was in reverse. Nearly a half(45.5%) of the low-income people seemed to take nutritionally inadequate diet in consideration with MAR values. Deficiencies of iron and even energy in the toddlers (1 to 2 years) of low-income class were of great concern. Adolescent age group has been observed that their calcium and iron intakes, and possibly energy, were appeared to be the most deficient among all the age groups regardless of the economic status. For the elderly in all the economic status except high-above class, calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were commonly deficient nutrients. Calcium deficiency was appeared throughout nearly all the ages except toddlers and all the economic classes. Even in the high-above class 57.3% took insufficient amount of calcium.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.346-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to find differences in dietary patterns through menu analysis by economic status. The data was obtained from the 1998 and 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey of Korea. The main variables were economic status, sex, and area by urbanization. The economic status was classified into low, middle, high, and top classes using a poverty line based on the 1998 and 2001 minimum standard cost of living. The areas were divided into metropolis, small city, and rural areas. The dishes of 3 meals were classified into 29 categories by cooking method. The most frequent pattern was "rice + soup + kimchi". The frequency of this Korean basic dietary pattern was the lowest in the top income class and metropolis areas, while the highest in the low income class and rural areas. The frequency of Korean recommended dietary pattern, that is, "rice + soup or stew + kimchi + side dish" was the highest in the top income class. The metropolis group preferred side dishes using meat and a cooking method that saved time, but the rural group preferred side dishes using vegetables and cooking methods that take a longer time. In comparison of dietary pattern between male and female by economic status, the higher economic status, the male's dietary patterns showed more side dishes than those of female. But the main side dish was kimchi in male low class. Consequently, the major dietary pattern in Korea is rice-style, though the western pattern is increasing in the top income class, especially in metropolis areas. Therefore, to make a better dietary pattern, we should develop and spread low-priced recipes of various side dishes and teach financial skills such as ability to make a food budget for lower income classes. Also, we should emphasize the importance of the balance between meat and vegetables and traditional diet and western diet for the top income class, especially in the metropolis areas.