• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제6권
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• pp.49-69
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• 1988

마늘의 단경기(端境期)인 3~4월(月)에 수확(收穫)할 수 있는 작형개발(作型開發)의 기술체계(技術體系)를 확립(確立)할 목적(目的)으로 난지계(暖地系)인 남해지방종(南海地方種)과 한지계(寒地系)인 의성지방종(義城地方種)을 공시(供試)하여 파종기별(播種期別)로 저온처리개시기(低溫處理開始期) 및 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)을 달리하여 숙기(熟期)를 포함(包含)하는 몇가지 생육상태(生育狀態) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대(對)해서 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 맹아(萌芽)가 촉진(促進)되는 정도(程度)는 난지계(暖地系)의 경우 9월(月) 14일(日)과 9월(月) 29일(日) 파종(播種)에서 저온처리(低溫處理)의 효과(效果)가 높고, 맹아소요일수(萌芽所要日數)는 9월(月) 14일(日) 파종(播種)에서 30일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理), 9월(月) 29일(日) 파종(播種)에서 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)를 할 경우 가장 짧았다. 저온처리개시일(低溫處理開始日)로 보면 7월(月) 31일(日) 이전(以前)과 8월(月) 15일(日) 이후(以後)에 저온처리(低溫處理)한 것에는 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 보였는데 그 중 8월(月) 15일(日)~8월(月) 30일(日)에 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)한 것이 맹아(萌芽)가 가장 빨랐다. 한지계(寒地系)에서는 9월(月) 29일(日)에서 11월(月) 13일(日) 파종(播種)까지는 저온처리(低溫處理)에 의(依)해서 촉진(促進)되었고 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)은 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. 2. 파종기별(播種期別) 저온처리(低溫處理)에 의(依)한 초기생장(初期生長)의 효과(效果)는 9월(月) 14일(日)과 9월(月) 29일(日)에서 현저(顯著)하였고 중기이후(中期以後) 생장효과(生長效果)는 10월(月) 29일(日) 파종(播種)까지 나타났다. 또한 생장(生長)을 촉진(促進)시키는 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)에 있어서 난지계(暖地系)는 45일(日)과 60일(日), 한지계(寒地系)는 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)였다. 전개엽수(展開葉數)는 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 길고 파종기(播種期)가 늦어질수록 적어지는 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 인편분화기(鱗片分化期)와 구비대기(球肥大期)에 있어서 저온효과(低溫效果)가 가장 큰 것은 난지계(暖地系)는 7월(月) 31일(日)~8월(月) 15일(日)에 저온개시(低溫開始)하여 45일(日)과 60일간(日間) 처리(處理)로 9월(月) 14일(日), 9월(月) 29일(日), 10월(月) 14일(日)에 파종(播種)한 구(區)였다. 한지계(寒地系)에 있어서는 8월(月) 15일(日)에 저온(低溫) 개시(開始)하여 60일간(日間) 처리(處理)로 10월(月) 14일(日)에 파종(播種)한 구(區)였으며 그 이후(以後) 저온개시(低溫開始)한 것은 난(暖), 한지계(寒地系) 다같이 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 길수록 빨랐다. 4. 추태(抽苔)에 있어서 난지계(暖地系)는 저온개시일(低溫開始日)이 빠르고 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 길수록 빨랐으며 한지계(寒地系)는 8월(月) 15일(日)~8월(月) 30일(日)에 저온처리(低溫處理)를 개시(開始)하여 45일(日)과 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)한 것이 빨랐고 그 이후(以後)는 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 길수록 빨랐다. 이차생장(二次生長)은 난(暖), 한지계(寒地系) 다같이 파종기(播種期)가 빠르고 저온처리기간(低溫處理期間)이 길수록 많았다. 5. 수확기(收穫期)에 있어서 난지계(暖地系)는 7월(月) 31일(日)부터 8월(月) 30일(日)까지에 저온개시(低溫開始)한 45일(日)과 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 빨랐고 한지계(寒地系)에 있어서는 7월(月) 31일(日)부터 8월(月) 30일(日)까지에 저온개시(低溫開始)하여 60일(日)과 90일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 빨랐다. 6. 구중(球重)이 큰 순위(順位)는 난지계(暖地系)에서는 10월(月) 14일(日) 파종(播種)의 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 가장 많았고, 다음은 9월(月) 29일(日) 파종(播種)의 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)였다. 한지계(寒地系)에서는 10월(月) 14일(日) 파종(播種)의 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 가장 많았고, 다음은 10월(月) 14일(日) 파종(播種)의 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)였다. 구중(球重)을 저온개시일(低溫開始日)로 보면 난지계(暖地系)는 8월(月) 30일(日)에 저온개시(低溫開始)하여 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가, 한지계(寒地系)는 8월(月) 15일(日)에 저온개시(低溫開始)하여 60일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)가 가장 많았다. 7. 수확일수(收穫日數)와 1월(月) 12일(日)의 초장(草長)과는 부(負)의 상관(相關)을, 인편분화일수(鱗片分化日數)와는 높은 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 나타냈는데 발육(發育)이 촉진(促進)되고 인편분화(鱗片分化)가 빠른 것이 수확일(收穫日)이 빨랐다. 구중(球重)과 초장(草長)과는 높은 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 나타내어 생육(生育)이 빠를수록 구중(球重)도 증가(增加)하였다. 구중(球重)과 인편분화일수(鱗片分化日數), 구(球) 비대일수(肥大日數), 수확일수(收穫日數)는 높은 부(負)의 상관(相關)을 나타내어 인편분화(鱗片分化)가 빠를수록 구중(球重)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 마늘의 조기재배(早期栽培)는 난지계(暖地系) 마늘을 사용하여 8월(月) 15일(日)~8월(月) 30일(日)에 저온(低溫) 개시(開始)하여 45일간(日間) 저온처리(低溫處理)로 9월(月) 29일(日)과 10월(月) 14일(日)에 파종(播種)하면 무처리(無處理)에 비(比)해 30일간(日間) 단축(短縮)되어 4월(月) 12일(日)에 수확(收穫)할 수 있고 수량(收量)도 많아 가장 효과적(效果的)이라 사료(思料)된다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2011

Plasma nitriding of stainless steels has been investigated over a range of temperature from 400 to $500^{\circ}C$ and time from 10 to 20 hours. Characterization of systematic materials was carried out in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors. The results showed that plasma nitriding conducted at low temperatures not only increased the surface hardness, but also improved the corrosion resistance of STS 316L, STS409L, and STS 420J2. It was found that plasma-nitriding treatment at $500^{\circ}C$ resulted in increasing the corrosion performance of STS 409L and STS 420J2, while STS 316L was observed with server and massive damage on surface due to the formation of CrN.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2004

In this research, we accomplished in order to improving color fastness of sublimation for Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-iodine polarized film. The poor iodine sublimation problem has greatly improved by $O_2$ low temperature plasma treatment. We obtained the followings: (1) plasma treatment has contributed in adhesive ability via peel strength, AFM image and roughness were investigated, But the improvement in adhesive strength was not linearly proportional to the treatment time. (2) $O_2$ plasma treated PVA-iodine polarized film was good enough as to maintain the transmittance and polarization even after iodine cone. of 0.05mol/L and dipping time of 50sec. (3) $O_2$ low temperature plasma treated PVA-iodine polarized film has obtain high durability because of good adhesive strength.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2006

Use of products containing phytoecdysteroid (PE) as active principle has become popular in prominent sericultural areas of India for hastening larval maturation events and synchronizing cocoon spinning activities as an obvious advantage is assured. At times, the present recommendation of administering PE at the onset of spinning results in peak labour requirement at odd hrs. To enable making recommendation for the use of PE on $multi{\times}bivoltine$ silkworm hybrids based on the climatic conditions prevailing in different areas especially with regard to temperature, the experiment was taken up to determine proper treatment times so that the induced spinning will be more orderly and the labour can be leveraged more efficiently. Different brackets of low ($18-22^{\circ}C$), medium ($24-28^{\circ}C$) and high ($29-32^{\circ}C$) temperature were simulated during the latter half of V larval instar and cocoon spinning. PE was administered to $multi{\times}bivoltine$ silkworm ($BL67{\times}CSR101$) hybrid batches as per the recommended dose at three different times viz., 10 am, 4 pm and 10 pm. Three replicates of 100 larvae were maintained for each treatment. Absolute controls were also maintained in each temperature range to compare the results. Cumulative maturation percentage was recorded at 6 hrs interval to ascertain peak mounting span. The influence of the treatment on the cocoon traits also was studied. Based on the peak mounting span, it was evident that in low temperature 10 pm treatment would be better. In medium and high temperature, treatment at 4 pm proved to be a better option. The influence of the treatment times at different temperature range on labour management is discussed.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.370-378
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• 2015

Background : Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, functional wild vegetable, is perennial herb and young leaves with soft texture are generally used as edible food. So the demand for the vegetable has increased recently. This study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature and shading on germination characteristics of A. dioicus. Methods and Results : The experiment was performed by temperature and shading treatments. Seed pre-treatment before the germination experiment was carried out by the storage in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days and shading treatment were 35%, 50%, and 75% under control, BA (6-benzyladenine) and $GA_3$ (gibberellic acid) condition for 24 hours. Increasing the length of the storage periods led to increases seed germination percent in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW), germination rate of A. dioicus seed was the highest at $15^{\circ}C$ with 60 days of seed pre-treatment. In the case of seeds pre-treatment with LTW, the more temperature went up, the more days to 50% of Germination of Final Germination Rate ($T_{50}$) went down. As a result of surveying shading treatment, germination rate was the highest in control of 35% shading and the next higher was in control of 50% shading. Conclusions : It is concluded that the temperature and shading are important factors to produce A. dioicus. Also, We suggest these results as basic data of A. dioicus for sexual propagation.

• 화훼연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.266-270
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• 2009

깽깽이풀의 임의 개회조절을 목적으로 입실시기, 저온처리 등이 맹아, 생장 및 개화 등에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 입실시기에 따라서는 8월 20일부터 12월 20일까지 입실한 묘는 모두 맹아가 되지 않았다. 그러나 1월 20일과 2월 20일에 입실한 묘는 모두 맹아되어 개화되었다. 저온처리 개시시기와 처리기간이 깽깽이풀의 생장과 개화에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과는 8월 고온기에는 60일간의 저온을 받게 되면 맹아하여 개화하였다. 그러나 9월 20일 이후에는 30일간의 저온처리만으로도 거의 전개체가 맹아하여 개화하였다. 이미 저온처리를 한번 받아 휴면이 타파된 주를 재차 저온처리를 하여 2차 개화를 유도한 결과, 실험에 사용된 전 개체 모두 재맹아하였고 이중 70%인 7개체가 개화가 되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 1997

The experiments were undertaken to investigate the dynamics of $NO_3\;^-$ uptake at low temperature with forage rape(Bmssica napus), barle(Hordeum vulgare) and winter rye (Scale cereale). A net $NO_3\;^-$uptake and the contents of nitrogenous compound in tissues at low temperature ($5^{\circ}C$) were compared with normal temperature ($25^{\circ}C$).The net uptake of $NO_3\;^-$ by Brass ica nqus was the highest among three species at both temperature applied. During 9 hours after temperature treatment, $NO_3\;^-$ uptake of Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgm and Scale c e d e grown at $5^{\circ}C$ decreased to about 31, 50 and 27% compared with those grown at $25^{\circ}C$. $NO_3\;^-$ contents in roots were much sensitively affected by low temperature than those of leaves. Comparing with the plants grown at $25^{\circ}C$, $NO_3\;^-$ contents in roots of increased to 48.3, 38.7 and 53.5% repectively, for Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare and Scale cereale during 9 days. A relatively less changes in the content of $NH_4\;^+$-N were observed according to the temperature treatment. The ontents of amino acids-N in leaves at $5^{\circ}C$ slightly decreased while that of roods remarkably increased compared with $25^{\circ}C$. Protein-N was the largest pool of nitrogen and its contents in leaves and roots showed a similar response on the temperature treatment. These results suggested that $NO_3\;^-$uptake was inhibited at low temperature. The dynamics of $NO_3\;^-$ uptake could be closely related to the increased concentration of $NO_3\;^-$ and amino acids in roots.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권11호
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• pp.716-721
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• 2009

The major drive for the application of low-temperature plasma treatment in nitrocarburizing of austenitic stainless steels lies in improved surface hardness without degraded corrosion resistance. The low-temperature plasma nitrocarburizing was performed in a gas mixture of $N_{2}$, $H_{2}$, and carbon-containing gas such as $CH_{4}$ at $450^{\circ}C$. The influence of the processing time (5~30 h) and $N_{2}$ gas composition (15~35%) on the surface properties of the nitrocarburized layer was investigated. The resultant nitrocarburized layer was a dual-layer structure, which was comprised of a N-enriched layer (${\gamma}_N$) with a high nitrogen content on top of a C-enriched layer (${\gamma}_C$) with a high carbon content, leading to a significant increase in surface hardness. The surface hardness reached up to about $1050HV_{0.01}$, which is about 4 times higher than that of the untreated sample ($250HV_{0.01}$). The thickness of the hardened layer increased with increasing treatment time and $N_{2}$ gas level in the atmosphere and reached up to about $25{\mu}m$. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the treated samples without containing $Cr_{2}N$ precipitates was enhanced than that of the untreated samples due to a high concentration of N on the surface. However, longer treatment time (25% $N_{2}$, 30 h) and higher $N_{2}$ gas composition (35% $N_{2}$, 20 h) resulted in the formation of $Cr_{2}N$ precipitates in the N-enriched layer, which caused the degradation of corrosion resistance.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2020

The involvement of antifreeze proteins (AFPs; type I and III) in the germination of low temperature-treated petunia seeds (cv. 'Mirage Rose') was investigated. The addition of AFPs (300 or 500 ㎍/l) in low-temperature treatment significantly promoted the germination of seeds compared with that in which AFPs were not added. Among all treatments, treatment with AFP I added at 300 ㎍/l showed the highest germination percentage and improved plant growth. The expression levels of antioxidant-related genes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and proline synthesis were associated with the germination of low temperature-treated seeds. Overall, this study demonstrated that AFP I may potentially function as a cold-protective agent for the germination of low temperature-treated seeds.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 제5회 압연심포지엄 신 시장 개척을 위한 압연기술
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• pp.27-36
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• 2004

Contemporary objectives for steel rod rolling processing are increasingly complex and often contrasting i.e. obtaining a desired product with optimum combination of properties such as strength, toughness and formability at lower cost. Low-alloy steel rods have been produced with several heat treatments for drawing and forging processes at room temperature. In order to reduce these heat treatments much of the researches concerning of high temperature mechanical behavior of steel rods have been conducted at wire rod mill of POSCO. In this present work, optimizations of rolling temperature and cooling rate for JS-SCM435 are performed to eliminate softening heat treatment(Low Temperature Annealing) for drawing process. The results from the optimization changed the microstructure of rods after rod rolling from Bainite with high tensile strength of 1000Mpa to Pearlite and Ferrite with appropriate strength of 750Mpa that is equivalent tensile strength after softening heat treatment.